Pulsed high magnetic field-induced reversible blood-brain barrier permeability to enhance brain-targeted drug delivery

Magnetoresponsive liposomes applications in nanomedicine: A comprehensive review

Safe and effective cancer therapy requires a suitable nanocarrier that can target particular sites, such as cancer cells, in a selective manner. With the tremendous growth in nanotechnology, liposomes, among various competing nanocarriers, have shown promising advances in cancer therapy. Magnetic nanoparticles and metal ions are wide-reaching candidates for conferring magnetic properties and for incorporation into liposomes. Combining liposomes with magnetic structures enables construction of magnetoresponsive liposomes, allowing stimuli-responsiveness to an alternating magnetic field, magnetic targeting, and tracking by magnetic resonance imaging, which could all occur in parallel. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the practical advances and novel aspects of design, synthesis and engineering magnetoresponsive liposomes, emphasizing their diverse properties for various applications. Our work explores the innovative uses of these structures, extending beyond drug delivery to include smart contrast agents, cell labeling, biosensing, separation, and filtering. By comparing new findings with earlier studies, we showcase significant improvements in efficiency and uncover new potentials, setting a new benchmark for future research in the field of magnetoresponsive liposomes.

Preliminary Exploration of the Biophysical Mechanisms of Pulsed Magnetic Field- Induced Cell Permeabilization

Pulsed magnetic field treatment can enhance cell membrane permeability, allowing large molecular substances that normally cannot pass through the cell membrane to enter the cell. This research holds significant prospects for biomedical applications. However, the mechanism underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization remains unclear, impeding further progress in research related to pulsed magnetic field. Currently, hypotheses about the mechanism are struggling to explain experimental results. Therefore, this study developed a parameter-adjustable pulsed magnetic field generator and designed experiments. Starting from the widely accepted hypothesis of "induced electric fields by pulsed magnetic field," we conducted a preliminary exploration of the biophysical mechanisms underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization. Finally, we have arrived at an intriguing conclusion: under the current technical parameters, the impact of the pulsed magnetic field itself is the primary factor influencing changes in cell membrane permeability, rather than the induced electric field. This conclusion holds significant implications for understanding the biophysical mechanisms behind pulsed magnetic field therapy and its potential biomedical applications.

Determination of the Impact of High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules

High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (HI-PEMF) treatment is an emerging noninvasive and contactless alternative to conventional electroporation, since the electric field inside the tissue is induced remotely by an externally applied pulsed magnetic field. Recently, HI-PEMF has been successfully used in the transfer of plasmid DNA and siRNA in vivo, with no or minimal infiltration of immune cells. In addition to gene electrotransfer, treatment with HI-PEMF has also shown potential for electrochemotherapy, where activation of the immune response contributes to the treatment outcome. The immune response can be triggered by immunogenic cell death that is characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from damaged or/and dying cells. In this study, the release of the best-known DAMP molecules, i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP), calreticulin and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMBG1), after HI-PEMF treatment was investigated in vitro on three different cell lines of different tissue origin and compared with conventional electroporation treatment parameters. We have shown that HI-PEMF by itself does not cause the release of HMGB1 or calreticulin, whereas the release of ATP was detected immediately after HI-PEMF treatment. Our results indicate that HI-PEMF treatment causes no to minimal release of DAMP molecules, which results in minimal/limited activation of the immune response.

Within-Modality Synthesis and Novel Radiomic Evaluation of Brain MRI Scans

One of the most common challenges in brain MRI scans is to perform different MRI sequences depending on the type and properties of tissues. In this paper, we propose a generative method to translate T2-Weighted (T2W) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) volume from T2-weight-Fluid-attenuated-Inversion-Recovery (FLAIR) and vice versa using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). To evaluate the proposed method, we propose a novel evaluation schema for generative and synthetic approaches based on radiomic features. For the evaluation purpose, we consider 510 pair-slices from 102 patients to train two different GAN-based architectures Cycle GAN and Dual Cycle-Consistent Adversarial network (DC2Anet). The results indicate that generative methods can produce similar results to the original sequence without significant change in the radiometric feature. Therefore, such a method can assist clinics to make decisions based on the generated image when different sequences are not available or there is not enough time to re-perform the MRI scans.

Engineered nanomaterials that exploit blood-brain barrier dysfunction fordelivery to the brain

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated physical and functional boundarythat tightly controls the transport of materials between the blood and the brain. There is an increasing recognition that the BBB is dysfunctional in a wide range of neurological disorders; this dysfunction can be symptomatic of the disease but can also play a role in disease etiology. BBB dysfunction can be exploited for the delivery of therapeutic nanomaterials. Forexample, there can be a transient, physical disruption of the BBB in diseases such as brain injury and stroke, which allows temporary access of nanomaterials into the brain. Physicaldisruption of the BBB through external energy sources is now being clinically pursued toincrease therapeutic delivery into the brain. In other diseases, the BBB takes on new properties that can beleveraged by delivery carriers. For instance, neuroinflammation induces the expression ofreceptors on the BBB that can be targeted by ligand-modified nanomaterials and theendogenous homing of immune cells into the diseased brain can be hijacked for the delivery ofnanomaterials. Lastly, BBB transport pathways can be altered to increase nanomaterial transport. In this review, we will describe changes that can occur in the BBB in disease, and how these changes have been exploited by engineered nanomaterials forincreased transport into the brain.

Micro-Nanocarriers Based Drug Delivery Technology for Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Brain Tumor Targeting Therapy

The greatest obstacle to using drugs to treat brain tumors is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it difficult for conventional drug molecules to enter the brain. Therefore, how to safely and effectively penetrate the BBB to achieve targeted drug delivery to brain tumors has been a challenging research problem. With the intensive research in micro- and nanotechnology in recent years, nano drug-targeted delivery technologies have shown great potential to overcome this challenge, such as inorganic nanocarriers, organic polymer-carriers, liposomes, and biobased carriers, which can be designed in different sizes, shapes, and surface functional groups to enhance their ability to penetrate the BBB and targeted drug delivery for brain tumors. In this review, the composition and overcoming patterns of the BBB are detailed, and then the hot research topics of drug delivery carriers for brain tumors in recent years are summarized, and their mechanisms of action on the BBB and the factors affecting drug delivery are described in detail, and the effectiveness of targeted therapy for brain tumors is evaluated. Finally, the challenges and dilemmas in developing brain tumor drug delivery systems are discussed, which will be promising in the future for targeted drug delivery to brain tumors based on micro-nanocarriers technology.

High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field-Mediated Gene Electrotransfection In Vitro

A high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HI-PEMF) is a non-invasive and non-contact delivery method and may, as such, have an advantage over gene electrotransfer mediated by conventional electroporation using contact electrodes. Due to the limited number of in vitro studies in the field of gene electrotransfection by HI-PEMF, we designed experiments to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of such a technique for the non-viral delivery of genetic material into cells in vitro. We first showed that HI-PEMF causes DNA adsorption to the membrane, a generally accepted prerequisite step for successful gene electrotransfection. We also showed that HI-PEMF can induce gene electrotransfection as the application of HI-PEMF increased the percentage of GFP-positive cells for two different combinations of pDNA size and concentration. Furthermore, by measuring the uptake of larger molecules, i.e., fluorescently labelled dextrans of three different sizes, we showed endocytosis to be a possible mechanism for introducing large molecules into cells by HI-PEMF.

Opening the Blood Brain Barrier with an Electropermanent Magnet System

Opening the blood brain barrier (BBB) under imaging guidance may be useful for the treatment of many brain disorders. Rapidly applied magnetic fields have the potential to generate electric fields in brain tissue that, if properly timed, may enable safe and effective BBB opening. By tuning magnetic pulses generated by a novel electropermanent magnet (EPM) array, we demonstrate the opening of tight junctions in a BBB model culture in vitro, and show that induced monophasic electrical pulses are more effective than biphasic ones. We confirmed, with in vivo contrast-enhanced MRI, that the BBB can be opened with monophasic pulses. As electropermanent magnets have demonstrated efficacy at tuning B0 fields for magnetic resonance imaging studies, our results suggest the possibility of implementing an EPM-based hybrid theragnostic device that could both image the brain and enhance drug transport across the BBB in a single sitting.