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Rutter N. "My [Search Strategies] Keep Missing You": A Scoping Review to Map Child-to-Parent Violence in Childhood Aggression Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4176. [PMID: 36901188 PMCID: PMC10001475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Child-to-parent violence is often referred to as one of the most 'under-researched' forms of family violence. However, it is closely associated with one of the most widely researched areas of research globally: childhood aggression. How child-instigated aggression can harm parents is widely referred to, but different framings, definitions, and conceptualisations are used which creates problems when attempting to identify the broader literature which may be relevant to child-to-parent violence researchers. METHODS Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, 55 papers were reviewed from EBSCO, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to explore how location, field of the researcher, and terminology can impact how researchers conceptualise and frame this form of harm. RESULTS Three themes were identified (1) child-to-parent violence is a behavioural indicator of childhood distress or developmental needs, (2) children are 'perpetrators' of deviant behaviour, and (3) the parents are 'victims' of child-to-parent violence. CONCLUSIONS Children and parents are both harmed by child-to-parent violence. It is important that future researchers and practitioners recognise the bi-directionality of the parent-child relationship, and not be complicit in hiding the harms caused by child-to-parent violence by subsuming it under the broader childhood aggression literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Rutter
- Department of Sociology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3HN, UK
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Kirkpatrick L, Bell L, Tyler CP, Harrison E, Russell M, Syed T, Szoko N, Kazmerski TM. Health Care and Adoption Service Experiences of People Who Placed Children for Adoption During Adolescence: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2023; 36:58-64. [PMID: 35988681 PMCID: PMC10591462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To understand the perspectives of people who placed children for adoption during adolescence DESIGN: We conducted qualitative interviews with adults who placed children for adoption during adolescence. We recruited participants through social media and two adoption-related organizations. We audio-recorded and transcribed interviews. Using thematic analysis, 2 investigators coded the transcripts and identified themes. SETTING Telephone interviews PARTICIPANTS: Adults ages 18-35 years old who placed children for adoption before they were 20 years old INTERVENTIONS: Semi-structured telephone interviews MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative data RESULTS: We conducted interviews with 18 individuals (median age of 32 years; range 21-35 years). The median age at pregnancy was 18 years (range 13-19 years). Seventeen participants identified as female and one as nonbinary. Themes included the following: (1) Negative experiences with counseling included limited empowerment to make choices about pregnancy or adoption options; (2) negative experiences with counseling included limited information about practical or financial support for pregnant adolescents; (3) negative experiences with the health care system included insensitivity or lack of awareness of the adoption plan at delivery; (4) positive experiences with counseling included comprehensive unbiased options counseling and adoption counseling emphasizing birth parent choice in openness and family placement; (5) positive experiences included longitudinal emotional support during pregnancy, particularly in ways that normalized adoption placement; and (6) participants desired therapy and/or psychological support following adoption placement. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who chose adoption after adolescent pregnancy described positive and negative encounters with health care and adoption professionals that could serve as targets to improve the overall care experience for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Lauren Bell
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Riley Children's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Crystal P Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Ci3 at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tahniat Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Szoko
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Traci M Kazmerski
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Innovative Research on Gender Health Equity, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Lougheed JP, Keskin G. Parent‐Adolescent Emotion Dynamics at Multiple Time Scales. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ranieri S, Ferrari L, Danioni FV, Canzi E, Barni P, Rosnati R, Rodriguez MR. Adoptees facing adolescence: What accounts for their psychological well-being? J Adolesc 2021; 89:10-17. [PMID: 33838575 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In accordance with the "resilience paradigm", this study was aimed at exploring the role of the parent-child relationship in supporting internationally adopted adolescents' ability to develop a strong adoptive identity and a feeling of satisfaction with their own life. METHODS Participants were 105 Italian adopted adolescents (13-17 years) asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS Results showed that adolescents generally feel fairly comfortable discussing adoption-related issues (especially with their mothers), have a medium-high level of adoptive identity, and appear to be quite satisfied with their life. Moreover, while adoptive identity mediates the association between openness in communication regarding adoption and adoptees' well-being with mothers, father-child communication openness has a direct influence on well-being. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlighted that the quality of mother-child and father-child relationship plays a crucial role in guiding the process of adoptees' identity formation and influencing their well-being. Recommendations for professionals working with adoptive families were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ranieri
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Elena Canzi
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Petra Barni
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Rosnati
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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Gebeyehu DA, Mulatie M. Risky sexual behavior and its associated factors among patients with severe mental disorder in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, 2018. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:51. [PMID: 33478422 PMCID: PMC7818773 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with severe mental disorders are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. As a result of these high-risk behaviors, they might contract sexually transmitted infections and become pregnant unintentionally. Despite the high burden of this problem, very little is known about the association between mental disorders and high-risk sexual behaviors; for this reason, the current study aimed at determining the association between these two behaviors in patients with mental disorders attending an outpatient clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Psychiatric Clinic. METHODS A total of 223 study participants were recruited via a stratified sampling followed by a systematic sampling technique. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2018. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-based questionnaire. A four-item questionnaire was adopted from a behavioral surveillance survey and different literature sources. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to assess the strength in addition to the direction of the association between risky sexual behavior and independent variables. An interpretation was made based on the adjusted odds ratio and p-value at a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULT Nearly half of the study participants (49.8, 95% CI; 43.9-56.5%) presented risky sexual behavior. The study found that male gender (2.98; adjusted odds ration [AOR] = 2.98; 95% CI; 1.49-5.95), no ability to read and write (3.99; AOR = 3.99; 95% CI: 1.53-10.4), history of hospitalization (3.95; AOR = 3.95; 95% CI: 1.87-8.32), perceived internal stigma (2.45, AOR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.18-5.11), and poor social support (3.07, AOR = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.29-7.30) were significant predictors of risky sexual behaviors among patients with severe mental disorder. CONCLUSION Risky sexual behavior among patients with a severe mental disorders was high (49.8%). Special attention should be given to male patients, incorporating people with severe mental disorders into the adult education programs, continuous health education regarding risky sexual behavior and utilization of condoms, building self-esteem, and engaging others to provide good social support systems are strongly recommended to alleviate this type of behavior in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayelegne Gebeyehu
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Missaye Mulatie
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences and the Humanities, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Lougheed JP. Parent-Adolescent Dyads as Temporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:26-40. [PMID: 31424138 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Research on the role of parent-adolescent relationships in psychosocial adjustment needs a conceptual approach that specifies the processes by which development is nested in the relationship. I forward a new approach and emphasize the need to consider the unique elements that individuals bring to the dyadic system. I also emphasize the need to examine processes at multiple time scales. I highlight the complexity of dyadic system dynamics: Biological predispositions set the foundation for the parent-adolescent relationship and the emotion dynamics that emerge during interactions. As the system gets entrained through repeated interactions over longer time scales, real-time dynamics coalesce into psychosocial adjustment, which in turn constrains real-time dynamics. I review the evidence for each of these processes and discuss the implications.
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Ferrari L, Manzi C, Benet-Martinez V, Rosnati R. Social and Family Factors Related to Intercountry Adoptees and Immigrants’ Bicultural Identity Integration. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119850339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrari
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzi
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Rosnati
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Rioux C, Castellanos-Ryan N, Parent S, Séguin JR. The interaction between temperament and the family environment in adolescent substance use and externalizing behaviors: Support for diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility? DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2016; 40:117-150. [PMID: 27413247 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Both individual and environmental factors predict externalizing behaviors and substance use (EB-SU); however, different patterns of interaction among these factors may have different implications. This review first examines how temperament and the family environment interact in the prediction of adolescent EB-SU. Second, studies are reviewed according to two theoretical models: (1) diathesis-stress, i.e., certain individual characteristics are linked to vulnerability and later problems in adverse environments; (2) differential susceptibility, i.e., these characteristics are linked to susceptibility, predicting problems in adverse environments, but also better than average outcomes in good environments. Fourteen studies focusing on the prediction of EB-SU at ages 12-18 were selected through a literature search. Results showed that certain temperament traits (high levels of impulsivity and disinhibition; low levels of effortful control, negative affect, fearfulness and shyness), hereby designated as "adventurous" disposition, were associated with higher levels of EB-SU in adverse family environments. Some studies also showed that children with "adventurous" temperament traits in positive environments had the lowest levels of EB-SU. This suggests that prevention of EB-SU might target family factors such as parenting and focus on children with "adventurous" temperament traits. Further, studies that supported the differential susceptibility model were those assessing temperament and the family environment in childhood and studies that supported the diathesis-stress model assessed these variables in adolescence. It is thus possible that some of these "adventurous" temperament traits, with regard to EB-SU, would be indicators of susceptibility to both enriched and adverse environments in childhood but no longer in adolescence, when they would only be indicators of vulnerability to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Rioux
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5; School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sophie Parent
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jean R Séguin
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Ferrari L, Ranieri S, Barni D, Rosnati R. Parent–child relationship and adoptees’ psychological well-being in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Disentangling maternal and paternal contribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19424620.2015.1081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Shin SH, Ko SJ, Yang YJ, Oh HS, Jang MY, Choi JM. [Comparison of boys' and girls' families for actor and partner effect of stress, depression and parent-adolescent communication on middle school students' suicidal ideation: triadic data analysis]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2015; 44:317-27. [PMID: 25060110 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2014.44.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was done to compare families of boys or of girls for actor and partner effect of stress, depression and parent-adolescent communication as perceived by mother, father and adolescent on adolescents' suicidal ideation. METHODS Participants were 183 families (104 boys' families, 79 girls' families) who met eligibility criteria. All measures were self-administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 program. RESULTS In boys' families, boys' depression and communication with father showed actor effect on boys' suicidal ideation. Boys' stress showed indirect effect on boys' suicidal ideation through communication with father and boys' depression. Mothers' depression showed indirect partner effect on boys' suicidal ideation through boys' depression. In families of girls, girls' depression and stress showed actor effects on girls' suicidal ideation. Girls' communication with mother showed indirect effects through girls' depression. Also girls' stress showed indirect effect through girls' depression. Stress in mothers and/or fathers showed partner effect on girls' suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION To intervene in adolescents' suicidal ideation and promote adolescents' mental health, programs should be developed differently according to gender and based on parent's psychological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Shin
- College of Nursing Science and East-West Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Suk Jeong Ko
- College of Nursing Science and East-West Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Yang
- College of Nursing Science and East-West Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Su Oh
- College of Nursing Science and East-West Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Young Jang
- College of Nursing Science and East-West Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Myung Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Pace CS, Zavattini GC, Tambelli R. Does family drawing assess attachment representations of late-adopted children? A preliminary report. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2015; 20:26-33. [PMID: 32680327 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment representations of late-adopted children have usually been measured by attachment narratives or observational procedures. Recently an attachment-based coding system for family drawings was developed by attachment researchers and it was used both with clinical and nonclinical samples, but it has never been used with adoptees. METHOD This study examined the differences between attachment representations of 29 late-adopted children aged 5-7 years (M = 6.35, 51.7% girls) and 12 non-adopted peers as assessed by family drawings, controlling for demographic variables and children's cognitive status. The attachment-based coding system of family drawings included three levels: (1) 24 individual markers, (2) eight global rating scales (1-7 points), and (3) four attachment categories (secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized). RESULTS Late-adopted children assessed with the family drawings were more insecure on the attachment categories and achieved lower scores on positive global ratings such as the Vitality/Creativity and Family Pride/Happiness scales, higher scores on the Role Reversal scale, and a tendency toward higher scores on the Bizarreness/Dissociation scale. No difference emerged between the two groups regarding the individual markers. CONCLUSIONS Family drawing seemed to be a useful tool for classifying attachment representations, and able to capture underlying mental states that it was hard for late-adopted children to express in words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Serena Pace
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, Genoa, 16128, Italy
| | | | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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The Effects of Parent-Child Conflict on Behavior Problems in Early Adolescent Boys and Girls : The Moderating Role of Conflict Resolution. ADONGHAKOEJI 2014. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2014.35.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Manzi C, Ferrari L, Rosnati R, Benet-Martinez V. Bicultural Identity Integration of Transracial Adolescent Adoptees. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022114530495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have focused on Bicultural Identity Integration (BII) to explore whether and how migrants and ethnic minorities, who experience multiple cultural belongings, perceive their two cultural backgrounds as compatible (vs. conflictual) and to study the impact of these differences on their psychosocial well-being. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on BII among transracial adoptees, who also experience unique conditions of dual cultural belonging. Relying on a sample of 170 adopted adolescents born in Latin American countries and subsequently adopted in Italy (aged between 15 and 25) and both of their parents, the aim of the present study was twofold: to explore whether and the extent to which BII is related to adoptees’ behavioral problems and to analyze the influence of specific family and social identity variables on BII. Multivariate analyses using the structural equation modeling indicated that adoptive filiation (i.e., belonging to the adoptive family) and parents’ cultural socialization strategies are significant protective factors for national identity and ethnic identity, respectively, which in turn influences adoptees’ behavioral problems, but this relation is mediated by differences in BII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manzi
- Family Studies and Research University Center, Catholic University of Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Family Studies and Research University Center, Catholic University of Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Rosnati
- Family Studies and Research University Center, Catholic University of Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Benet-Martinez
- ICREA (Catalan Institute for Advanced Research and Studies) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Szapocznik J, Schwartz SJ, Muir JA, Brown CH. Brief Strategic Family Therapy: An Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:134-145. [PMID: 23936750 DOI: 10.1037/a0029002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the brief strategic family therapy (BSFT; J. Szapocznik, M. A. Scopetta, & O. E. King, 1978, The effect and degree of treatment comprehensiveness with a Latino drug abusing population. In D. E. Smith, S. M. Anderson, M. Burton, N. Gotlieb, W. Harvey, & T. Chung, Eds, A multicultural view of drug abuse, pp. 563-573, Cambridge, MA: G. K. Hall & J. Szapocznik, M. A. Scopetta, & O. E. King, 1978, Theory and practice in matching treatment to the special characteristics and problems of Cuban immigrants, Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 112-122.) approach to treating adolescent drug abuse and related problem behaviors. The treatment intervention is reviewed, including specialized features such as engagement of difficult families. Empirical evidence supporting the BSFT approach is presented. We then illustrate ways in which clinicians can use the model with troubled families whose adolescents may be at risk for drug use and HIV. Finally, future directions for BSFT research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Szapocznik
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Center for Family Studies, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
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