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Hordyjewska-Kowalczyk E, Nowosad K, Jamsheer A, Tylzanowski P. Genotype-phenotype correlation in clubfoot (talipes equinovarus). J Med Genet 2021; 59:209-219. [PMID: 34782442 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is a congenital malformation affecting muscles, bones, connective tissue and vascular or neurological structures in limbs. It has a complex aetiology, both genetic and environmental. To date, the most important findings in clubfoot genetics involve PITX1 variants, which were linked to clubfoot phenotype in mice and humans. Additionally, copy number variations encompassing TBX4 or single nucleotide variants in HOXC11, the molecular targets of the PITX1 transcription factor, were linked to the clubfoot phenotype. In general, genes of cytoskeleton and muscle contractile apparatus, as well as components of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue, are frequently linked with clubfoot aetiology. Last but not least, an equally important element, that brings us closer to a better understanding of the clubfoot genotype/phenotype correlation, are studies on the two known animal models of clubfoot-the pma or EphA4 mice. This review will summarise the current state of knowledge of the molecular basis of this congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Hordyjewska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland
| | - Karol Nowosad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland.,The Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland .,Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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Hong Q, Li XD, Xie P, Du SX. All-trans-retinoic acid suppresses rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal chondrogenesis by modulating HoxD9 expression. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3900-3911. [PMID: 34288810 PMCID: PMC8806522 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1940613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, 5ʹ-Hoxd genes (Hoxd9), which are expressed in the hindlimb bud mesenchyme, participate in limb growth and patterning in early embryonic development. In the present study, We investigated the mechanisms by which ATRA regulates cultured E12.5 rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells (rEHBMCs). Following exposure to ATRA over 24 h, mRNA and protein expression levels of HoxD9 were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and western blotting. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. ATRA inhibited the condensation and proliferation, and promoted the apoptosis rate of the rEHBMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Sox9 and Col2a1 in rEHBMCs were downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner at both mRNA and protein levels. Similarly, HoxD9 was downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner, in parallel with the cartilage-specific molecules Sox9 and Col2a1. Both qPCR and western blotting showed that both Shh and Gli3 were downregulated. Overexpression of HoxD9 reversed the effects of ATRA. These results demonstrate that ATRA suppresses chondrogenesis in rEHBMCs by inhibiting the expression of HoxD9 and its downstream protein targets, including Sox9 and Col2a1. This effect may also be correlated with inhibition of the Shh-Gli3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zhang TG, Li XD, Yu GY, Xie P, Wang YG, Liu ZY, Hong Q, Liu DZ, Du SX. All-trans-retinoic acid inhibits chondrogenesis of rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells by downregulating p53 expression. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:210-8. [PMID: 25738595 PMCID: PMC4438916 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in congenital clubfoot (CCF)-like deformities in in vivo models, the essential cellular and molecular targets and the signaling mechanisms for ATRA-induced CCF-like deformities remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 and p21, expressed in the hindlimb bud mesenchyme, regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, contributing to a significant proportion of embryonic CCF-like abnormalities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms for ATRA-induced CCF, by assessing ATRA-regulated chondrogenesis in rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells (rEHBMCs) in vitro. The experimental study was based on varying concentrations of ATRA exposure on embryonic day 12.5 rEHBMCs in vitro. The present study demonstrated that ATRA inhibited the proliferation of cells by stimulating apoptotic cell death of rEHBMCs. It was also observed that ATRA induced a dose-dependent reduction of cartilage nodules compared with the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of cartilage-specific molecules, including aggrecan, Sox9 and collagen, type II, α 1 (Col2a1), were downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner; the mRNA levels of p53 and p21 were dose-dependently upregulated from 16 to 20 h of incubation with ATRA, but dose-dependently downregulated from 24 to 48 h. Of note, p53 and p21 were regulated at the translational level in parallel with the transcription with rEHBMCs treated with ATRA. Furthermore, the immunofluorescent microscopy assays indicated that proteins of p53 and p21 were predominantly expressed in the cartilage nodules. The present study demonstrated that ATRA decreases the chondrogenesis of rEHBMCs by inhibiting cartilage-specific molecules, including aggrecan, Sox9 and Col2al, via regulating the expression of p53 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Gen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Guo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - De-Zhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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Wang YG, Xie P, Wang YG, Li XD, Zhang TG, Liu ZY, Hong Q, Du SX. All-trans-retinoid acid (ATRA) suppresses chondrogenesis of rat primary hind limb bud mesenchymal cells by downregulating p63 and cartilage-specific molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:460-8. [PMID: 25136779 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
P63 null mice have no or truncated limbs and mutations in human p63 cause several skeletal syndromes that also show limb and digit abnormalities, suggesting its essential role in bone development. In the current study, we investigated the effect of ATRA on chondrogenesis using mesenchymal cells from rat hind limb bud and further examined the mRNA and protein expression of Sox9 and Col2a1 and p63 in rat hind limb bud cells. Limb buds were isolated from embryos from euthanized female rats. Growth of hind limb bud mesenchymal cells was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays. Formation of cartilage nodules was examined by Alcian blue-nuclear fast red staining. The expression of Sox9, Col2al and p63 was determined by Real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting assays, respectively. Our MTT assays revealed that ATRA at 1 and 10μM significantly suppressed the growth of mesenchymal cells from rat hind limb bud at 24 and 48h (P<0.01 vs. controls). Alcian blue staining further showed that ATRA caused a significant dose-dependent reduction in the area of cartilage nodules (P<0.05 in all vs. controls). At 1μM ATRA, the area of cartilage nodules from hind limb bud cells was reduced to 0.05±0.03mm from 0.15±0.01mm in controls. Real-time RT-PCR assays further indicated that 1 and 10μM ATRA markedly reduced the mRNA expression of Sox9, Col2al and p63 in hind limb bud cells (P<0.05 in all vs. controls). In addition, ATRA time-dependently inhibits the mRNA expression of p63, Sox9 and Col2al. Western blotting assays additionally showed that ATRA dose-dependently reduced the expression of Sox9, Col2al and p63 (P<0.05 in all vs. controls). Together, our results suggest that ATRA suppresses chondrogenesis by modulating the expression of Sox9, Col2al and p63 in primary hind limb bud mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Guo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yun-Gong Wang
- Wang Chuanshan College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Tao-Gen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Zhao-Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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Wang YG, Li XD, Liu ZY, Zhang TG, Chen B, Hou GQ, Hong Q, Xie P, Du SX. All-trans-retinoid acid (ATRA) may have inhibited chondrogenesis of primary hind limb bud mesenchymal cells by downregulating Pitx1 expression. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:282-9. [PMID: 23810783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite frequently well-established role of all-trans-retinoid acid (ATRA) in congenital limb deformities, its mechanism of action, thus far, is still ambiguous. Pitx1, which is expressed in the hindlimb bud mesenchyme, or its pathways may be etiologically responsible for the increased incidence of clubfoot. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanisms whereby Pitx1 regulated chondrogenesis of hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells in vitro. E12.5 embryonic rat hind limb bud mesenchymal cells were treated with ATRA at appropriate concentrations. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation. Hematoxylin-safranin-O-fast-green staining assays were used to observe cartilage nodules, and Pitx1 expression was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblotting assays were applied to determine the mRNA expressions of Pitx1, Sox9 and type II collagen (Col2al), respectively. The results showed that ATRA inhibited the proliferation of hind limb bud cells dose-dependently. ATRA also induced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of cartilage nodules and the area of cartilage nodules compared with controls. Our real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that the mRNA expression of Pitx1, Sox9 and Col2al were significantly downregulated by ATRA. Furthermore, our immunofluorescent microscopy and Western blotting assays indicated that Pitx1 was mainly expressed in the cartilage nodules and the levels of Pitx1, Sox9 and Col2al were also downregulated by ATRA dose-dependently. The results indicated that ATRA may decrease chondrogenesis of hind limb bud mesenchymal cells by inhibiting cartilage-specific molecules, such as Sox9 and Col2al, via downregulating Pitx1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-guo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
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Liu ZY, Li XD, Chen B, Zheng CY, Zhong YS, Jia YL, Du SX. Retinoic acid retards fetal and hindlimb skeletal development asymmetrically in a retinoic acid-induced clubfoot model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:663-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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