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Clinical Significance and Regulation of ERK5 Expression and Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020348. [PMID: 35053510 PMCID: PMC8773716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a unique kinase among MAPKs family members, given its large structure characterized by the presence of a unique C-terminal domain. Despite increasing data demonstrating the relevance of the ERK5 pathway in the growth, survival, and differentiation of normal cells, ERK5 has recently attracted the attention of several research groups given its relevance in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Accumulating evidence reported its role in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we explore the gene expression profile of ERK5 among cancers correlated with its clinical impact, as well as the prognostic value of ERK5 and pERK5 expression levels in tumors. We also summarize the importance of ERK5 in the maintenance of a cancer stem-like phenotype and explore the major known contributions of ERK5 in the tumor-associated microenvironment. Moreover, although several questions are still open concerning ERK5 molecular regulation, different ERK5 isoforms derived from the alternative splicing process are also described, highlighting the potential clinical relevance of targeting ERK5 pathways.
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Zhang M, Shi R, Guo Z, He J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cell growth by activating ERK5/PD-L1 signaling axis in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152884. [PMID: 32199628 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common diseases, accounting for about 10 % cancer-related deaths. Previous studies have found that caner-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are closely related to the occurrence and metastasis of CRC, but the detailed mechanism is not precise. METHODS Tumor cells and fibroblasts were co-cultured with a transwell system. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to test the ability of cell proliferation. The flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Western Blot was performed to assess protein expression levels. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect mRNA expression levels. ERK5-IN-1 was used to inhibit the autophosphorylation of ERK5. RESULTS CAFs promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in CRC cells. CAFs promoted the phosphorylation of ERK5 and the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Activated ERK5 promotes cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in CRC cells. The expression levels of ERK5 correlated with the expression of PD-L1 in CRC cells. CAFs promote cell growth by activating the ERK5/PD-L1 signaling axis in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS CAFs significantly promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in CRC cells, which features are dependent on regulating the ERK5/PD-L1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ran Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhongying Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jingdong He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Moncho-Amor V, Pintado-Berninches L, Ibañez de Cáceres I, Martín-Villar E, Quintanilla M, Chakravarty P, Cortes-Sempere M, Fernández-Varas B, Rodriguez-Antolín C, de Castro J, Sastre L, Perona R. Role of Dusp6 Phosphatase as a Tumor Suppressor in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082036. [PMID: 31027181 PMCID: PMC6514584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DUSP6/MKP3 is a dual-specific phosphatase that regulates extracellular regulated kinase ERK1/2 and ERK5 activity, with an increasingly recognized role as tumor suppressor. In silico studies from Gene expression Omnibus (GEO) and Cancer Genome atlas (TCGA) databases reveal poor prognosis in those Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with low expression levels of DUSP6. In agreement with these data, here we show that DUSP6 plays a major role in the regulation of cell migration, motility and tumor growth. We have found upregulation in the expression of several genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC-DUSP6 depleted cells. Data obtained in RNA-seq studies carried out in DUSP6 depleted cells identified EGFR, TGF-β and WNT signaling pathways and several genes such as VAV3, RUNXR2, LEF1, FGFR2 whose expression is upregulated in these cells and therefore affecting cellular functions such as integrin mediated cell adhesion, focal adhesion and motility. Furthermore, EGF signaling pathway is activated via ERK5 and not ERK1/2 and TGF-β via SMAD2/3 in DUSP6 depleted cells. In summary DUSP6 is a tumor suppressor in NSCLC and re-establishment of its expression may be a potential strategy to revert poor outcome in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moncho-Amor
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1ST, UK.
| | - Laura Pintado-Berninches
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Ibañez de Cáceres
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ester Martín-Villar
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - María Cortes-Sempere
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Varas
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Antolín
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier de Castro
- Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leandro Sastre
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Perona
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C./U.A.M, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Structure activity relationships of anthranilic acid-based compounds on cellular and in vivo mitogen activated protein kinase-5 signaling pathways. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2294-2301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liu F, Zhang H, Song H. Upregulation of MEK5 by Stat3 promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:83-90. [PMID: 27878304 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase 5 (MEK5) plays an important role in promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The aberrant expression of MEK5 has been reported in various malignant diseases including cancers of breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and brain. However, the function and regulation of MEK5 signaling pathway are ambiguous and remain elusive with respect to its oncogenic roles in various cancers, especially in the regulation of the initiation and progression of cancer invasion and metastasis. Ectopic expression of MEK5 or knockdown of MEK5 by shRNA with in vitro cell based models demonstrated the role of MEK5 in regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that MEK5 upregulated by Stat3 promotes breast cancer cell invasion through EMT. Further study demonstrated that Stat3 could bind to promoter region of MEK5 and enhanced MEK5 transcription and expression. In addition, the phosphorylation of MEK5 significantly increased in breast cancer cells corresponding to metastatic capability of breast cancer cells. The depletion of MEK5 by shRNA significantly decreased breast cancer invasion. Ectopic expression of MEK5 could confer non-invasive breast cancer cells to become invasion capable cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Erk5, a MEK5-regulated downstream kinase, was also upregulated consistent with the increased level of active MEK5. Our studies provide insights into a molecular mechanism by which MEK5 transcriptionally upregulated by Stat3 augments breast cancer cell EMT, which subsequently enhances cancer cell invasion and metastasis. This finding may suggest that Stat3 and MEK5/Erk5 pathways could be an effective therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shantou University Medical College Cancer Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Song
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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