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Behl T, Kumar A, Vishakha, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Yadav S, Rashid S, Ali N, Ahmed AS, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau SG, Khan H. Understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects associated with protein and gene based biomarkers in breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126595. [PMID: 37648139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread and severe diseases with a huge mortality rate. In recent years, the second-leading mortality rate of any cancer globally has been breast cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers found in women. Detecting breast cancer in its initial stages simplifies treatment, decreases death risk, and recovers survival rates for patients. The death rate for breast cancer has risen to 0.024 % in some regions. Sensitive and accurate technologies are required for the preclinical detection of BC at an initial stage. Biomarkers play a very crucial role in the early identification as well as diagnosis of women with breast cancer. Currently, a wide variety of cancer biomarkers have been discovered for the diagnosis of cancer. For the identification of these biomarkers from serum or other body fluids at physiological amounts, many detection methods have been developed. In the case of breast cancer, biomarkers are especially helpful in discovering those who are more likely to develop the disease, determining prognosis at the time of initial diagnosis and choosing the best systemic therapy. In this study we have compiled various clinical aspects and signaling pathways associated with protein-based biomarkers and gene-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankush Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Vishakha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, 141104 Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadah 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Saber Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 150001, Peru; E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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Kupculak M, Bai F, Luo Q, Yoshikawa Y, Lopez-Martinez D, Xu H, Uphoff S, Cohn MA. Phosphorylation by ATR triggers FANCD2 chromatin loading and activates the Fanconi anemia pathway. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112721. [PMID: 37392383 PMCID: PMC10933773 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) in humans. Activation of the pathway relies on loading of the FANCD2/FANCI complex onto chromosomes, where it is fully activated by subsequent monoubiquitination. However, the mechanism for loading the complex onto chromosomes remains unclear. Here, we identify 10 SQ/TQ phosphorylation sites on FANCD2, which are phosphorylated by ATR in response to ICLs. Using a range of biochemical assays complemented with live-cell imaging including super-resolution single-molecule tracking, we show that these phosphorylation events are critical for loading of the complex onto chromosomes and for its subsequent monoubiquitination. We uncover how the phosphorylation events are tightly regulated in cells and that mimicking their constant phosphorylation leads to an uncontrolled active state of FANCD2, which is loaded onto chromosomes in an unrestrained fashion. Taken together, we describe a mechanism where ATR triggers FANCD2/FANCI loading onto chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Kupculak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Fengxiang Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Hannan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Stephan Uphoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Jang SW, Kim JM. The RPA inhibitor HAMNO sensitizes Fanconi anemia pathway-deficient cells. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1468-1478. [PMID: 35506981 PMCID: PMC9278452 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is required for DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Besides its role in ICL repair, FA proteins play a central role in stabilizing stalled replication forks, thereby ensuring genome integrity. We previously demonstrated that depletion of replication protein A (RPA) induces the activation of FA pathway leading to FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCD2 foci formation. Thus, we speculated that FA-deficient cells would be more sensitive to RPA inhibition compared to FA-proficient cells. Following treatment with RPA inhibitor HAMNO, we observed significant induction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation as observed in RPA depletion. In addition, HAMNO treatment caused increased levels of ϒ-H2AX and S-phase accumulation in FA-deficient cells. Importantly, FA-deficient cells showed more increased sensitivity to HAMNO than FA-proficient cells. Moreover, in combination with cisplatin, HAMNO further enhanced the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in FA-deficient cells, while being less toxic against FA-proficient cells. This result suggests that RPA inhibition might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of FA pathway-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
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Dueva R, Iliakis G. Replication protein A: a multifunctional protein with roles in DNA replication, repair and beyond. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa022. [PMID: 34316690 PMCID: PMC8210275 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) forms continuously during DNA replication and is an important intermediate during recombination-mediated repair of damaged DNA. Replication protein A (RPA) is the major eukaryotic ssDNA-binding protein. As such, RPA protects the transiently formed ssDNA from nucleolytic degradation and serves as a physical platform for the recruitment of DNA damage response factors. Prominent and well-studied RPA-interacting partners are the tumor suppressor protein p53, the RAD51 recombinase and the ATR-interacting proteins ATRIP and ETAA1. RPA interactions are also documented with the helicases BLM, WRN and SMARCAL1/HARP, as well as the nucleotide excision repair proteins XPA, XPG and XPF–ERCC1. Besides its well-studied roles in DNA replication (restart) and repair, accumulating evidence shows that RPA is engaged in DNA activities in a broader biological context, including nucleosome assembly on nascent chromatin, regulation of gene expression, telomere maintenance and numerous other aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. In addition, novel RPA inhibitors show promising effects in cancer treatment, as single agents or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Since the biochemical properties of RPA and its roles in DNA repair have been extensively reviewed, here we focus on recent discoveries describing several non-canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Lian X, Dong Y, Zhao M, Liang Y, Jiang W, Li W, Zhang L. RNA-Seq analysis of differentially expressed genes relevant to mismatch repair in aging hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11401-11408. [PMID: 30805972 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology and an old hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) model in vitro to analyze differential expressions of mismatch repair (MMR)-related genes in aged HSPCs, so as to explore the mechanism of DNA MMR injury in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) aging. In this study, by combining RNA-seq data and National Center for Biotechnology Information database, we focus on six widely reported MMR genes MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2, and five MMR genes with closer ties to HSC aging Pcna, Exo1, Rpa1, Rpa2, and Rpa3 according to the genes functional classification and the related signaling pathway. It is concluded that MMR is closely related to HSC aging. This study provides experimental evidence for future researching MMR in HSC aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongpin Dong
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yajie Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Overlooked FANCD2 variant encodes a promising, portent tumor suppressor, and alternative polyadenylation contributes to its expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22490-22500. [PMID: 28157704 PMCID: PMC5410239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) complementation group D2 protein (FANCD2) is the center of the FA tumor suppressor pathway, which has become an important field of investigation in human aging and cancer. Here we report an overlooked central player in the FA pathway, FANCD2 variant 2 (FANCD2-V2), which appears to perform more potent tumor suppressor-function compared to the known variant of FANCD2, namely, FANCD2-V1. Detailed analysis of the FANCD2 gene structure indicated a proximal and distal polyadenylation site (PAS), associated with V2 and V1 transcripts accordingly. RNA polymerase II Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) targeting the two PAS-regions determined lesser binding of RNA pol II to DNA fragments in the distal PAS region in non-malignant cells compared to malignant cells. Conversely, the opposite occurred in the proximal PAS region. Moreover, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) identified that U2 snRNP, a major component of RNA splicing complex that interacts with the 3′end of an intron, showed greater binding to the last intron of the FANCD2-V1 transcript in malignant cells compared to the non-malignant cells. Importantly, our data showed that in human tissue samples, the ratio of V2 /V1 expression in lung, bladder, or ovarian cancer correlates inversely with the tumor stages/grades. Therefore, these findings provide a previously unrecognized central player FANCD2-V2 and thus novel insights into human tumorigenesis, and indicate that V2/V1 can act as an effective biomarker in assisting the recognition of tumor malignance.
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Qu C, Zhao Y, Feng G, Chen C, Tao Y, Zhou S, Liu S, Chang H, Zeng M, Xia Y. RPA3 is a potential marker of prognosis and radioresistance for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2872-2883. [PMID: 28557284 PMCID: PMC5661258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance-induced residual and recurrent tumours are the main cause of treatment failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Thus, the mechanisms of NPC radioresistance and predictive markers of NPC prognosis and radioresistance need to be investigated and identified. In this study, we identified RPA3 as a candidate radioresistance marker using RNA-seq of NPC samples. In vitro studies further confirmed that RPA3 affected the radiosensitivity of NPC cells. Specifically, the overexpression of RPA3 enhanced radioresistance and the capacity for DNA repair of NPC cells, whereas inhibiting RPA3 expression sensitized NPC cells to irradiation and decreased the DNA repair capacity. Furthermore, the overexpression of RPA3 enhanced RAD51 foci formation in NPC cells after irradiation. Immunohistochemical assays in 104 NPC specimens and 21 normal epithelium specimens indicated that RPA3 was significantly up-regulated in NPC tissues, and a log-rank test suggested that in patients with NPC, high RPA3 expression was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) and a higher recurrence rate compared with low expression (5-year OS rates: 67.2% versus 86.2%; 5-year recurrence rates: 14.8% versus 2.3%). Moreover, TCGA data also indicated that high RPA3 expression correlated with poor OS and a high recurrence rate in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) after radiotherapy. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrated that RPA3 regulated the radiosensitivity and DNA repair capacity of NPC cells. Thus, RPA3 may serve as a new predictive biomarker for NPC prognosis and radioresistance to help guide the diagnosis and individualized treatment of patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guokai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songran Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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