1
|
Li X, Zhou M, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, Lu L, Xie Z, Wang B, Pan Y, Zhang J, Xu J. Kaempferol from Alpinia officinarum hance induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating the ATM/CHEK2/KNL1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118430. [PMID: 38857680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum), a perennial herb known for its medicinal properties, has been used to treat various ailments, such as stomach pain, abdominal pain, emesis, and digestive system cancers. A. officinarum is extensively cultivated in the Qiongzhong and Baisha regions of Hainan, and it holds substantial therapeutic value for the local Li people of Hainan. Kaempferol, a flavonoid derived from A. officinarum, has demonstrated anticancer properties in various experimental and biological studies. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which it exerts its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects remain to be comprehensively delineated. AIM OF THE STUDY This investigation aims to elucidate the anti-HCC effects of kaempferol derived from A. officinarum and to delve into its underlying mechanistic pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify active compounds in A. officinarum. HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells were used to study the anti-HCC effect of kaempferol from A. officinarum. The cytotoxicity and proliferation of kaempferol and A. officinarum were measured using CCK-8 and EDU staining. Wound-healing assays and three-dimensional tumor spheroid models were further used to evaluate migration and the anti-HCC activity of kaempferol. The cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of proteins and genes associated with the cell cycle checkpoints. Finally, bioinformatics was used to analyze the relationship between the differential expression of core targets in the ATM/CHEK2/KNL1 pathway and a poor prognosis in clinical HCC samples. RESULTS UPLC-MS/MS was employed to detect five active compounds in A. officinarum, such as kaempferol. The CCK-8 and EDU assays showed that kaempferol and A. officinarum significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. A wound-healing assay revealed that kaempferol remarkably inhibited the migration of HCC cells. Kaempferol significantly suppressed the growth of tumor spheroids. In addition, kaempferol markedly induced G2/M arrest and promoted apoptosis of HCC cells. Mechanically, kaempferol significantly reduced the protein and mRNA expression levels of ATM, CHEK2, CDC25C, CDK1, CCNB1, MPS1, KNL1, and Bub1. Additionally, the combination of kaempferol and the ATM inhibitor KU55933 had a more significant anti-HCC effect. The results of bioinformatics showed that ATM, CHEK2, CDC25C, CDK1, and KNL1 were highly expressed in patients with HCC and cancer tissues, indicating that these genes have certain value in the clinical diagnosis of HCC. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results revealed that kaempferol from A. officinarum inhibits the cell cycle by regulating the ATM/CHEK2/KNL1 pathway in HCC cells. In summary, our research presents an innovative supplementary strategy for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education & International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Mingyan Zhou
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education & International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Zhenrui Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education & International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Bingshu Wang
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Yipeng Pan
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education & International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Department of Hainan Digestive Disease Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asimaki E, Petriukov K, Renz C, Meister C, Ulrich HD. Fast friends - Ubiquitin-like modifiers as engineered fusion partners. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:132-145. [PMID: 34840080 PMCID: PMC9703124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and its relatives are major players in many biological pathways, and a variety of experimental tools based on biological chemistry or protein engineering is available for their manipulation. One popular approach is the use of linear fusions between the modifier and a protein of interest. Such artificial constructs can facilitate the understanding of the role of ubiquitin in biological processes and can be exploited to control protein stability, interactions and degradation. Here we summarize the basic design considerations and discuss the advantages as well as limitations associated with their use. Finally, we will refer to several published case studies highlighting the principles of how they provide insight into pathways ranging from membrane protein trafficking to the control of epigenetic modifications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Correlation between HPV PCNA, p16, and p21 Expression in Lung Cancer Patients. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9144334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Evaluate if human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in lung cancer patients might be helping cancer development by altering p16, p21, and PCNA, key human genes involved in cell proliferation and tumor development. Methods. 63 fresh-frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from lung tumor patients were used to detect HPV by PCR, followed by genotype through sequencing. The host gene expressions of p21, p16, and PCNA were quantified by qPCR in both FF and FFPE samples, and the expression of viral oncogenes E5, E6, and E7 was also measured by qPCR in 19 FF samples. Results. 74.6% of samples were positive for HPV, 33/44 FFPE samples and 14/19 FF samples. HPV-16 and HPV-18 were detected in 31/33 and 7/33 FFPE, respectively, and HPV-16 was the only type in FF samples. E5, E6, and E7 were expressed in 10/19, 2/19, and 4/19 FF samples, respectively. The p16 RNAm expression was higher in FF HPV+ samples and FFPE+FF HPV+ samples, while p21 showed higher expression in all HPV- samples. In turn, the PCNA expression was higher in HPV+ FF samples; however, in FFPE and FFPE+FF samples, PCNA was higher in HPV- samples. In FF samples, PCNA, p16, and p21 showed a significant positive correlation as well as E5 and E7, and E5 was inversely correlated to p21. In FFPE, also, a positive correlation was observed between PCNA HPV+ and p21 HPV+ and PCNA HPV+ and p16 HPV. In FF+FFPE analysis, a direct correlation was found between PCNA HPV+ and p21 HPV+, p21 HPV+ and p16 HPV+, and PCNA HPV- and p16 HPV-, and an inverse correlation between PCNA HPV+ and p16 HPV+. Also, the p16 protein was positive in 10 HPV+ samples and 1 HPV-. Conclusions. Our data show that lung cancer patients from Northeast Brazil have a high prevalence of HPV, and the virus also expresses its oncogenes and correlates with key human genes involved in tumor development. This data could instigate the development of studies focused on preventive strategies, such as vaccination, used as a prognostic indicator and/or individualized therapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang W, Yan T, Guo X, Cai H, Liang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Ma P, Qi S. KAP1 phosphorylation promotes the survival of neural stem cells after ischemia/reperfusion by maintaining the stability of PCNA. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:290. [PMID: 35799276 PMCID: PMC9264526 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the function of phosphorylation of KAP1 (p-KAP1) at the serine-824 site (S824) in the proliferation and apoptosis of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) after cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R). Methods The apoptosis and proliferation of C17.2 cells transfected with the p-KAP1-expression plasmids and the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p-KAP1 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting after the Oxygen Glucose deprivation/reperfusion model (OGD/R). The interaction of p-KAP1 and CUL4A with PCNA was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. In the rats MCAO model, we performed the adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/9 gene delivery of p-KAP1 mutants to verify the proliferation of endogenous NSCs and the colocalization of PCNA and CUL4A by immunofluorescence. Results The level of p-KAP1 was significantly down-regulated in the stroke model in vivo and in vitro. Simulated p-KAP1(S824) significantly increased the proliferation of C17.2 cells and the expression of PCNA after OGD/R. Simulated p-KAP1(S824) enhanced the binding of p-KAP1 and PCNA and decreased the interaction between PCNA and CUL4A in C17.2 cells subjected to OGD/R. The AAV2/9-mediated p-KAP1(S824) increased endogenous NSCs proliferation, PCNA expression, p-KAP1 binding to PCNA, and improved neurological function in the rat MCAO model. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that simulated p-KAP1(S824) improved the survival and proliferation of endogenous NSCs. The underlying mechanism is that highly expressed p-KAP1(S824) promotes binding to PCNA, and inhibits the binding of CUL4A to PCNA. This reduced CUL4A-mediated ubiquitination degradation to increase the stability of PCNA and promote the survival and proliferation of NSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02962-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Tianqing Yan
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xinjian Guo
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Heng Cai
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chang Liang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Linyan Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hahm JY, Kim JY, Park JW, Kang JY, Kim KB, Kim SR, Cho H, Seo SB. Methylation of UHRF1 by SET7 is essential for DNA double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:184-196. [PMID: 30357346 PMCID: PMC6326791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is a key epigenetic regulator of DNA methylation maintenance and heterochromatin formation. The roles of UHRF1 in DNA damage repair also have been emphasized in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of UHRF1 remains elusive. In this study, we showed that UHRF1 is methylated by SET7 and demethylation is catalyzed by LSD1. In addition, methylation of UHRF1 is induced in response to DNA damage and its phosphorylation in S phase is a prerequisite for interaction with SET7. Furthermore, UHRF1 methylation catalyzes the conjugation of polyubiquitin chains to PCNA and promotes homologous recombination for DNA repair. SET7-mediated UHRF1 methylation is also shown to be essential for cell viability against DNA damage. Our data revealed the regulatory mechanism underlying the UHRF1 methylation status by SET7 and LSD1 in double-strand break repair pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Hahm
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Beom Seo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on tubal factor infertility using a chronic salpingitis murine model. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:421-429. [PMID: 31190174 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was conducted to evaluate the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in the treatment of tubal factor infertility (TFI) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and investigate their effect on fertility in animal models of chronic salpingitis. METHODS In this study, we investigated the therapy effects of the transplantation of hUCMSCs in tubal factor infertility using a chronic salpingitis murine model which induced Chlamydia trachomatis. Twenty rats were divided into two groups: control group (n = 10) and treatment group (n = 10). hUCMSCs were given to mice after exposure to C. trachomatis for 4 weeks. After treatment for 4 weeks, five mice were randomly selected from each of the two groups to sacrifice and we examined the organ morphology and pathology, inflammatory cytokines, proliferation, and apoptosis in fallopian tube (FT).The remaining five mice from each group were caged 2:1 with male mice for another 4 weeks, the numbers of pregnant mice and the mean number of pups in the different groups were enumerated and calculated. RESULTS Intravaginal inoculation of hUCMSCs alleviated hydrosalpinx of the oviduct. EdU-labeled hUCMSCs are located at the interstitial site of the fallopian tube. Macrophage (F4/80) infiltration was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the control group and expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 were increased after hUCMSCs treatment. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and Caspase-3 were increased and decreased, respectively, in the hUCMSCs' treatment group compared with the control. Moreover, hUCMSCs' transplantation improved murine fertility. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of hUCMSCs may play an important role in TFI. Our data suggest that hUCMSCs' transplantation contributed to the repair of tubal injury and improvement of fertility, providing a basis for assessing the contribution of stem cells in the oviduct for direct repair of the tube to assist reproduction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important role in DNA damage response. Ectopic expression of PCNA fused at either terminus with ubiquitin (Ub) lacking two C-terminal glycine residues induces translesion DNA synthesis which resembles synthesis mediated by PCNA monoubiquitination. PCNA fused with Ub containing the C-terminal Gly residues at the C-terminus can be further polyubiquitinated in a Gly-dependent manner, which inhibits cell proliferation and induces ATR-dependent replication checkpoint. In this study, we surprisingly found that PCNA fused to a head-to-tail linear Ub chain induces apoptosis in a Ub chain length-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that the apoptotic effect is actually induced by the linear Ub chain independently from PCNA, as the Ub chain fused to GFP or an epitope tag still efficiently induces apoptosis. It is revealed that the artificial linear Ub chain differs from endogenously encoded linear Ub chains in that its Ubs contain a Ub-G76S substitution, making the Ub chain resistant to cleavage by deubiquitination enzymes. We demonstrated in this study that ectopic expression of the artificial Ub chain alone in cultured human cancer cells is sufficient to inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model, making the linear Ub chain a putative anti-cancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoushuai Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Wandong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guifen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Almasry SM, Elfayomy AK, El-Sherbiny MH. Regeneration of the Fallopian Tube Mucosa Using Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation After Induced Chemical Injury in a Rat Model. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:773-781. [PMID: 28826366 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117725824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel insight about the use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) for fallopian tube (FT) regeneration. Seventy rats' tubes were involved in this study and divided into 4 groups: control (15), ethanol injured (20), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-recipient without injury (15), and MSC recipient after injury (20). The BM-MSCs were isolated from male rats, and their incorporation into the tissues was confirmed by the detection of Sry gene in MSC-recipient rats using RT-PCR. Histological and immunohistological sections of the 4 groups were comparably evaluated. We found that direct injection of ethanol into FT caused structural impairment, which was restored largely after receiving MSCs. We have revealed for the first time that prominin 1 (Prom1, stem cell marker) was expressed in the fimbriated distal tubal end. The MSC transplantation caused (1) significant increase in the tissue level and immunoexpresstion of Prom1 ( P < .001 and P = .017, respectively) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; vasculogenic marker; P < .001 and P = .004, respectively), (2) significant increase in the immunoexpresstion of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; proliferation marker; P < .001), and (3) significant decrease in the immunoexpresstion of caspase 3 (CASP-3; apoptotic marker; P < .001) compared to the injured tissues. In conclusion, MSCs could exhibit its restorative effect on FT through their ability to (1) activate the resident stem cells in the distal tubal end, (2) mediate the expression of VEGF and PCNA, and (3) influence tissue apoptosis. This study laid the foundation for assessing the contribution of stem cells in the distal tubal end in direct repair of the tube when required to assist reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaima M Almasry
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Almansoura University, Egypt.,2 Department of Anatomy, Almadinah Almunawarah, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr K Elfayomy
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Almadinah Almunawarah, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H El-Sherbiny
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Almadinah Almunawarah, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia.,5 Department of Anatomy, Amaarefa College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|