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Mandal JP, Shiue CN, Chen YC, Lee MC, Yang HH, Chang HH, Hu CT, Liao PC, Hui LC, You RI, Wu WS. PKCδ mediates mitochondrial ROS generation and oxidation of HSP60 to relieve RKIP inhibition on MAPK pathway for HCC progression. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:69-87. [PMID: 33307168 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both protein kinase C (PKC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-known signaling messengers cross-talking with each other to activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) for progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms are not well elucidated. Especially, whether mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) is involved and how it triggers MAPK signaling are intriguing. In this study, we found mtROS generation and phosphorylation of MAPKs were mediated by PKCδ in HCCs treated with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), one of the chaperones in mitochondria was the major protein oxidized in TPA-treated HCCs. Moreover, depletion of HSP60 or expression of HSP60 cysteine mutant prevented TPA-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs. To delineate how HSP60 mediated MAPK activation, the role of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a negative regulator of MAPK, was investigated. TPA dissociated RKIP from HSP60 in both mitochondria and cytosol, concurrently with translocation of HSP60 and MAPK from mitochondria to cytosol, which was associated with robust phosphorylation of MAPKs in the cytosol. Moreover, TPA induced opposite phenotypical changes of HCCs, G1 cell cycle arrest, and cell migration, which were prevented by mtROS scavengers and depletion of PKCδ and HSP60. Consistently, TPA increased the migration-related genes, hydrogen peroxide inducible clone5, matrix metalloproteinase-1/3, lamininγ2, and suppressed the cell cycle regulator cyclin E1 (CCNE1) via PKCδ/mtROS/HSP60/MAPK-axis. Finally, c-jun and c-fos were required for TPA-induced expression of the migration-related genes and a novel microRNA, miR-6134, was responsible for TPA-induced suppression of CCNE1. In conclusion, PKCδ cross-talked with mtROS to trigger HSP60 oxidation for release of RKIP to activate MAPK, regulating gene expression for migration, and G1 cell cycle arrest in HCC. Targeted therapy aiming at key players like PKCδ, RKIP, and HSP60 is promising for preventing HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiou-Nan Shiue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 970, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Research Centre for Hepatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chen Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Lin-Ching Hui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Rodríguez-Varela MS, Mucci S, Videla-Richardson GA, Isaja L, Sevlever GE, Scassa ME, Romorini L. miR-302 family, miR-145 and miR-296 temporal expression profile along the cell cycle of human pluripotent stem cells. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 40:119168. [PMID: 33503507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), like embryonic (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), exhibit an unusual cell cycle structure characterized by a short G1 phase and cells being most of time in S phase. hPSCs are receptive to differentiation cues during their transition through G1 phase when lineage determination is decided. Although several MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to target transcripts that directly or indirectly coordinate the cell cycle of pluripotent cells, its temporal expression profile along hPSCs cell cycle remains poorly characterized. miR-145 and miR-296 are induced during differentiation and silence the self-renewal and pluripotency program. miR-302 family is essential for hPSCs stemness and its expression decreases during differentiation. We aimed to study how the aforementioned miRNAs are regulated along the cell cycle of hPSCs. We demonstrated by pharmacological synchronization and block and release experiments that miR-145, miR-296 and miR-302 family are periodically expressed in hPSCs. Importantly, miR-302 family expression is induced at G1/S boundary and remained high at S phase, presumably to impede differentiation onset. Besides, we confirmed by a gene ontology analysis that many validated miR-302 family target genes are involved in cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Rodríguez-Varela
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Mucci
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Agustín Videla-Richardson
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - Luciana Isaja
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Emilio Sevlever
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - María Elida Scassa
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo Romorini
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Ruta 9, Km 52.5, Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, B1625XAF, Argentina.
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Chemical hypoxia induces apoptosis of human pluripotent stem cells by a NOXA-mediated HIF-1α and HIF-2α independent mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20653. [PMID: 33244167 PMCID: PMC7692563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs) are self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that can differentiate to a wide range of specialized cells. Notably, hPSCs enhance their undifferentiated state and self-renewal properties in hypoxia (5% O2). Although thoroughly analyzed, hypoxia implication in hPSCs death is not fully determined. In order to evaluate the effect of chemically mimicked hypoxia on hPSCs cell survival, we analyzed changes in cell viability and several aspects of apoptosis triggered by CoCl2 and dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Mitochondrial function assays revealed a decrease in cell viability at 24 h post-treatments. Moreover, we detected chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and CASPASE-9 and 3 cleavages. In this context, we observed that P53, BNIP-3, and NOXA protein expression levels were significantly up-regulated at different time points upon chemical hypoxia induction. However, only siRNA-mediated downregulation of NOXA but not HIF-1α, HIF-2α, BNIP-3, and P53 did significantly affect the extent of cell death triggered by CoCl2 and DMOG in hPSCs. In conclusion, chemically mimicked hypoxia induces hPSCs cell death by a NOXA-mediated HIF-1α and HIF-2α independent mechanism.
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Gonnot F, Langer D, Bourillot PY, Doerflinger N, Savatier P. Regulation of Cyclin E by transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2697-2712. [PMID: 31462142 PMCID: PMC6773236 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1656475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous, non-cell cycle-dependent expression of cyclin E is a characteristic feature of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We studied the 5′ regulatory region of Cyclin E, also known as Ccne1, and identified binding sites for transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network, including Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 within 1 kilobase upstream of the transcription start site. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChiP–qPCR) study highlighted one binding site for Esrrb that is essential to transcriptional activity of the promoter region, and three binding sites for Klf4 and Tfcp2l1. Knockdown of Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 reduced Cyclin E expression whereas overexpression of Esrrb and Klf4 increased it, indicating a strong correlation between the expression level of these factors and that of cyclin E. We observed that cyclin E overexpression delays differentiation induced by Esrrb depletion, suggesting that cyclin E is an important target of Esrrb for differentiation blockade. We observed that mESCs express a low level of miR-15a and that transfection of a miR-15a mimic decreases Cyclin E mRNA level. These results lead to the conclusion that the high expression level of Cyclin E in mESCs can be attributed to transcriptional activation by Esrrb as well as to the absence of its negative regulator, miR-15a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gonnot
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Diana Langer
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Pierre-Yves Bourillot
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Nathalie Doerflinger
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Pierre Savatier
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
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Videla-Richardson GA, Furmento VA, Garcia CP, Morris-Hanon O, Sevlever GE, Romorini L, Scassa ME. Human embryonic stem cells display a pronounced sensitivity to the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor Roscovitine. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:40. [PMID: 31462218 PMCID: PMC6712821 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The essentially unlimited expansion potential and the pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them attractive for cell-based therapeutic purposes. Although hESCs can indefinitely proliferate in culture, unlike transformed cancer cells, they are endowed with a cell-intrinsic property termed mitochondrial priming that renders them highly sensitive to apoptotic stimuli. Thus, all attempts to broaden the insights into hESCs apoptosis may be helpful for establishing pro-survival strategies valuable for its in vitro culture and further use in clinical applications. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), a family of serine/threonine protein kinases originally identified as regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle, can also regulate transcription and differentiation. Moreover, there are compelling data suggesting that its activities are involved in certain apoptotic programs in different cell types. Currently, it is not completely determined whether CDKs regulate apoptotic processes in rapidly proliferating and apoptosis-prone hESCs. In this study, to elucidate the effect of CDKs inhibition in hESCs we used Roscovitine (ROSC), a purine analogue that selectively inhibits the activities of these kinases. Results Inhibition of CDKs by ROSC triggers programmed cell death in hESCs but not in proliferating somatic cells (human fibroblasts). The apoptotic process encompasses caspase-9 and -3 activation followed by PARP cleavage. ROSC treatment also leads to p53 stabilization, which coincides with site-specific phosphorylation at serine 46 and decreased levels of Mdm2. Additionally, we observed a transcriptional induction of p53AIP1, a repression of pro-survival factor Mcl-1 and an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins NOXA and PUMA. Importantly, we found that the role of CDK2 inhibition appears to be at best accessory as an active CDK2 is not required to ensure hESCs survival. Conclusion Our experimental data reveal that hESCs, contrary to fibroblasts, exhibit a pronounced sensitivity to ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Videla-Richardson
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica A Furmento
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina P Garcia
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivia Morris-Hanon
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E Sevlever
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Romorini
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Scassa
- Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Belén de Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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