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Jonnakuti VS, Ji P, Gao Y, Lin A, Chu Y, Elrod N, Huang KL, Li W, Yalamanchili HK, Wagner EJ. NUDT21 alters glioma migration through differential alternative polyadenylation of LAMC1. J Neurooncol 2023; 163:623-634. [PMID: 37389756 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas and their surrounding microenvironment constantly interact to promote tumorigenicity, yet the underlying posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern this interplay are poorly understood. METHODS Utilizing our established PAC-seq approach and PolyAMiner bioinformatic analysis pipeline, we deciphered the NUDT21-mediated differential APA dynamics in glioma cells. RESULTS We identified LAMC1 as a critical NUDT21 alternative polyadenylation (APA) target, common in several core glioma-driving signaling pathways. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that NUDT21-knockdown in glioma cells results in the preferred usage of the proximal polyA signal (PAS) of LAMC1. Functional studies revealed that NUDT21-knockdown-induced 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1 is sufficient to cause translational gain, as LAMC1 protein is upregulated in these cells compared to their respective controls. We demonstrate that 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1 after NUDT21 knockdown removes binding sites for miR-124/506, thereby relieving potent miRNA-based repression of LAMC1 expression. Remarkably, we report that the knockdown of NUDT21 significantly promoted glioma cell migration and that co-depletion of LAMC1 with NUDT21 abolished this effect. Lastly, we observed that LAMC1 3'UTR shortening predicts poor prognosis of low-grade glioma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. CONCLUSION This study identifies NUDT21 as a core alternative polyadenylation factor that regulates the tumor microenvironment through differential APA and loss of miR-124/506 inhibition of LAMC1. Knockdown of NUDT21 in GBM cells mediates 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1, contributing to an increase in LAMC1, increased glioma cell migration/invasion, and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Soumith Jonnakuti
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yipeng Gao
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ai Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yuan Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nathan Elrod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kai-Lieh Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Yalamanchili
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Wang L, Liu Y, Gao Q, Hu R. Hsa_circ_0005085 may suppress cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis through targeting the miR-186-5p/LAMC1 axis. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13321. [PMID: 37357644 PMCID: PMC10262883 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a severe malignancy derived from the skin. Mounting evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in diverse biological functions in human cancers, containing CSCC. However, the biological functions and underlying mechanism of hsa_circ_0005085 in CSCC have not been clearly studied. METHODS Expression levels of hsa_circ_0005085, microRNA-186-5p (miR-186-5p), and Laminin subunit gamma 1 (LAMC1) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay were used to assess cell proliferation. Transwell assay was conducted to detect cell migration and invasion. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Protein expression of LAMC1, E-cadherin, Snail, and slug were assessed using western blot assay. Using bioinformatics software, the binding between miR-186-5p and hsa_circ_0005085 or LAMC1 was predicted, followed by verification using a dual-luciferase reporter and RNA-Immunoprecipitation. The mouse xenograft model was established to investigate the role of hsa_circ_0005085 in vivo. RESULTS Hsa_circ_0005085 level was downregulated in CSCC tissues and cells. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0005085 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and promoted cell apoptosis in CSCC. MiR-186-5p could restore the effect of hsa_circ_0005085 overexpression on CSCC cells, and the knockdown of LAMC1 reversed the regulation of the miR-186-5p inhibitor. In mechanism, hsa_circ_0005085 served as a sponge for miR-186-5p to regulate LAMC1 expression. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0005085 reduced growth of tumor via miR-186-5p/LAMC1 axis in vivo. CONCLUSION In our study, hsa_circ_0005085 might inhibit CSCC development by targeting the miR-186-5p/LAMC1 axis, which might provide a promising therapeutic target for CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Wang
- Department of DermatologyGeneral Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan CityChina
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of DermatologyGeneral Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan CityChina
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of DermatologyGeneral Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan CityChina
| | - Rongying Hu
- Department of DermatologyGeneral Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan CityChina
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Liu F, Li S. Non-coding RNAs in skin cancers:Biological roles and molecular mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934396. [PMID: 36034860 PMCID: PMC9399465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous melanoma, are common human tumors. The incidence of cutaneous malignancies is increasing worldwide, and the leading cause of death is malignant invasion and metastasis. The molecular biology of oncogenes has drawn researchers’ attention because of the potential for targeted therapies. Noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been studied extensively in recent years. This review summarizes the aspects of noncoding RNAs related to the metastasis mechanism of skin malignancies. Continuous research may facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets and help elucidate the mechanism of tumor metastasis, thus providing new opportunities to improve the survival rate of patients with skin malignancies.
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Droll S, Bao X. Oh, the Mutations You'll Acquire! A Systematic Overview of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem 2021; 55:89-119. [PMID: 34553848 PMCID: PMC8579759 DOI: 10.33594/000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly two million cases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are diagnosed every year in the United States alone. cSCC is notable for both its prevalence and its propensity for invasion and metastasis. For many patients, surgery is curative. However, patients experiencing immunosuppression or recurrent, advanced, and metastatic disease still face limited therapeutic options and significant mortality. cSCC forms after decades of sun exposure and possesses the highest known mutation rate of all cancers. This mutational burden complicates efforts to identify the primary factors driving cSCC initiation and progression, which in turn hinders the development of targeted therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the mutations and alterations that have been observed in patients’ cSCC tumors, affecting signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and the microenvironment. We also highlight novel therapeutic opportunities in development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenie Droll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, .,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Diao B, Yang P. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis for Laminin Genes in Ovarian Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609855. [PMID: 34512203 PMCID: PMC8423899 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Survival is low in ovarian cancer (OC). Most OC patients demonstrate advanced metastases, and recurrence is common. Dysregulation of laminin interactions is associated with cancer development. However, it is unknown whether laminin subunits can be considered as biomarkers for OC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We used cBioPortal, GEO, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, TIMER, and Metascape to determine the associations among laminin expression, prognosis, and immune cell infiltration in OC. LAMA5, LAMB3, and LAMC2 mRNAs and LAMA3, LAMB1/B2/B3, and LAMC1/C2 proteins were overexpressed in OC tissues compared with normal ovaries. LAMA4, LAMB1, and LAMC1 mRNA upregulation was positively correlated with worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in OC. Elevated LAMA2 and LAMC2 mRNA expression levels were related to better PFS or OS, respectively. The results speculated that LAMA5 could potentially be a good prognostic factor in OC. Its expression proves valuable for predicting OS in patients diagnosed with stage Ⅳ and grade 3 OC and PFS in patients diagnosed with all OC stages or grades. LAMB3 and LAMC2 expression was correlated with platinum resistance development. ROC analysis of laminins in OC sets revealed that LAMA2/A4/A5, LAMB1/B2/B3, and LAMC2 could be used to differentiate between malignant tumors and non-neoplastic tissues. LAMA1/A5 and LAMC1 were significantly and negatively correlated with various tumor immune infiltrates (TILs), especially with dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells or neutrophil. LAMA4 and LAMB1 might be associated with tumor purity in OC. Overall, LAMA5 and LAMC1 could help predict OC survival and diagnosis and might be deemed important OC oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Diao
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Yang J, Wan J, Dong X, Deng L. MicroRNA-200c Prevents Progress of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Fyn (FYN). J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a malignant skin tumor, begins in the epidermis and the keratinocytes of the skin appendages. However, the cause remains unclear. MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c), a key modulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been reported to act
as an anticancer gene in a variety of cancers. However, its role and partial mechanism in cSCC remain undetermined. The results of this study showed depleted levels of miR-200c in cSCC tissues. Its suppressive effects on cell proliferation, and motility, as well as its apoptosis-promoting
effect, were observed in the A-431 cells. Additionally, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR assays revealed that FYN acted as a direct target of miR-200c, and FYN knockdown exerted had similar impact as that of miR-200c overexpression, including increased cellular apoptosis and decreased
cellular growth. These results emphasized the onco-suppressive nature of miR-200c, which was evident based on its interaction with FYN in cSCC. This finding could have potential benefits in developing cSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jianji Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Li X, Kong Y, Li H, Xu M, Jiang M, Sun W, Xu S. CircRNA circ_0067772 aggravates the malignant progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-1238-3p/FOXG1 axis. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:491-501. [PMID: 33709381 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a severe malignancy derived from skin. Dysregulated circular RNAs (circRNAs) might play vital roles in tumor development. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to explore the function of a novel circRNA circ_0067772 in CSCC. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or Western blot assay was performed to determine the expression of circ_0067772, microRNA (miR)-1238-3p and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1). Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and colony formation assay. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were employed to examine cell metastasis. Flow cytometry was employed to monitor cell cycle and apoptosis. The target association between miR-1238-3p and circ_0067772 or FOXG1 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, role of circ_0067772 in vivo was investigated via xenograft model in nude mice. RESULTS Circ_0067772 and FOXG1 were upregulated, while miR-1238-3p was downregulated in CSCC tissues and cells. Circ_0067772 knockdown conferred inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of CSCC cells. MiR-1238-3p served as a target of circ_0067772, whose silencing could reverse circ_0067772 knockdown-induced inhibitory impact on the malignant cellular behaviors. Circ_0067772 positively regulated FOXG1 expression by antagonizing miR-1238-3p. Additionally, miR-1238-3p could repress CSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting FOXG1. Also, circ_0067772 knockdown hindered CSCC tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study identified a novel oncogenic circRNA and the involvement of circ_0067772/miR-1238-3p/FOXG1 axis in CSCC development, providing a target for CSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yinghui Kong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suping Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6, West Beijing Road, Huaiyin District, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
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Gerloff D, Sunderkötter C, Wohlrab J. Importance of microRNAs in Skin Oncogenesis and Their Suitability as Agents and Targets for Topical Therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:270-279. [PMID: 33080592 DOI: 10.1159/000509879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, with rapidly increasing incidence and consistent mortality. Skin cancer encompasses melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, which in turn is mainly divided into cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Small noncoding micro-RNAs (miRNAs) regulate protein expression after transcription and play a role in the development and progression of skin cancer. Deregulated expression of miRNAs in skin cancer is associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis, immune response, and drug resistance. Specific patterns of miRNAs in specific skin cancer types can be used as diagnostic markers. For therapeutic purposes, both miRNA and chemically modified variants thereof as well as miRNA antagonists (antagomiRs) or RNA inhibitors may be applied topically. Due to their specific physicochemical properties, physical or chemical diffusion promoters are used with varying degrees of success. There is no question by now that such preparations have a high potential for the treatment of epithelial skin tumors in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gerloff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy frequently occurring on body surfaces chronically exposed to ultraviolet radiation. While a large majority of tumors remain localized to the skin and immediate subcutaneous tissue and are cured with surgical excision, a small subset of patients with cSCC will develop metastatic disease. Risk stratification for cSCC is performed using clinical staging systems, but given a high mutational burden and advances in targeted and immunotherapy, there is growing interest in molecular predictors of high-risk disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature on the risk for metastasis in cSCC includes notable findings in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, tumor suppression, tissue invasion and microenvironment, interactions with the host-immune system, and epigenetic regulation. SUMMARY cSCC is a highly mutated tumor with complex carcinogenesis. Regulators of tumor growth and local invasion are numerous and increasingly well-understood but drivers of metastasis are less established. Areas of importance include central system regulators (NOTCH, miRNAs), proteins involved in tissue invasion (podoplanin, E-cadherin), and targets of existing and emerging therapeutics (PD-1, epidermal growth factor receptor). Given the complexity of cSCC carcinogenesis, the use of machine learning algorithms and computational genomics may provide ultimate insight and prospective studies are needed to verify clinical relevance.
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Garofoli M, Volpicella M, Guida M, Porcelli L, Azzariti A. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs as Prognostic Factor, Predictor of Drug Response or Resistance and Pharmacological Targets, in the Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092552. [PMID: 32911687 PMCID: PMC7565940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the most common keratinocyte-derived skin cancer in the Caucasian population. Exposure to UV radiations (UVRs) represents the main risk carcinogenesis, causing a considerable accumulation of DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes with an uncontrolled hyperproliferation and tumor development. The limited and rarely durable response of CSCC to the current therapeutic options has led researchers to look for new therapeutic strategies. Recently, the multi-omics approaches have contributed to the identification and prediction of the key role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), circularRNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of several cellular processes in different tumor types, including CSCC. ncRNAs can modulate transcriptional and post-transcriptional events by interacting either with each other or with DNA and proteins, such as transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins. In this review, the implication of ncRNAs in tumorigenesis and their potential role as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human CSCC are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Garofoli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Michele Guida
- Rare Tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-555-5986
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