1
|
Zhou H, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Nie Z, Fan J, Zhu Z, Chen F, Wang T. In vitro anticancer study of novel curcumin derivatives via targeting PI3K/Akt/p53 signaling pathway. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10833-9. [PMID: 38951417 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Four new series of curcumin derivatives bearing NO-donating moiety were synthesized via etherification, nucleophilic substitution, and Knoevenagel condensation etc. The cytotoxicity activity of curcumin derivatives against five human tumor cell lines (A549, Hela, HepG2, MCF-7 and HT-29) and two normal cell lines (LO-2 and HK-2) has been studied. The results showed that compound 6a could inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells remarkably and exhibit low toxicity to normal cells. Also, the underlying mechanism in vitro of compound 6a on MCF-7 was investigated. It has been found that compound 6a induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis of MCF-7 in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6a-induced the fluorescence changes of ROS in MCF-7 cells confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis. Western Blot suggested that compound 6a decreased the expression of PI3K, as well as increased the expression of p53, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that compound 6a could bind well at active site of PI3K (3zim) with total score 9.59. Together, compound 6a, a potential PI3K inhibitor, may inhibit the survival of MCF-7 cells via interfering with PI3K/Akt/p53 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikai Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbiao Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuchang Zhu
- Technological R&D department, Lizhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong Y, Hsieh PH, Phal Y, Bhargava R, Irudayaraj J. Label-Free Monitoring of Coculture System Dynamics: Probing Probiotic and Cancer Cell Interactions via Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38941069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating the dynamic interaction of microorganisms and mammalian cells is challenging due to the lack of suitable platforms for examining interspecies interactions in biologically relevant coculture conditions. In this work, we demonstrate the interaction between probiotic bacteria (Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli) and A498 human cancer cells in vitro, utilizing a hydrogel-based platform in a label-free manner by infrared spectroscopy. The L. lactis strain recapitulated in the compartment system secretes polypeptide molecules such as nisin, which has been reported to trigger cell apoptosis. We propose a mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging approach to monitor the variation of biological components utilizing kidney cells (A498) as a model system cocultured with bacteria. We characterized the biochemical composition (i.e., nucleic acids, protein secondary structures, and lipid conformations) label-free using an unbiased measurement. Several IR spectral features, including unsaturated fatty acids, β-turns in protein, and nucleic acids, were utilized to predict cellular response. These features were then applied to establish a quantitative relationship through a multivariate regression model to predict cellular dynamics in the coculture system to assess the effect of nisin on A498 kidney cancer cells cocultured with bacteria. Overall, our study sheds light on the potential of using IR spectroscopic imaging as a label-free tool to monitor complex microbe-host cell interactions in biological systems. This integration will enable mechanistic studies of interspecies interactions with insights into their underlying physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yamuna Phal
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Colorado Clinical & Translational Sciences Institute, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cherian E, Goyal M, Mittal N, Mathews S, Sagir M. Elucidating the Anticancer Mechanisms of Cinnamoyl Sulfonamide Hydroxamate: Insights From DNA Content Analysis and Gene Expression Profiling in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e57236. [PMID: 38686281 PMCID: PMC11056768 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer is a major public health concern worldwide, with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) being one of its most common subtypes. Despite advances in diagnosis and management of this disease, there remains a need to develop new therapeutic approaches for better outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which cinnamoyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives exert their anticancer effects on OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The derivatives were synthesized via multi-step processes and then characterized at the molecular level. Flow cytometry assay for DNA content and cell cycle distribution, anisidine/toluidine double staining for apoptosis detection, as well as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) gene expression analysis, were performed on OSCC cell lines exposed to cinnamoyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives. RESULTS Flow cytometry unveiled remarkable changes in the distribution of cells throughout the OSCC cell line upon treatment with cinnamoyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives. Consequently, it led to a noticeable decrease in cells at the G0/G1 phase, together with an increase at the S phase, thereby indicating a retardation at various points of the cycle. In addition, apoptotic morphological alterations have been observed by anisidine/toluidine double staining after some treatments with the compounds. RT-PCR analysis showed a marked increase in p21 gene expression levels, further supporting the compounds' ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CONCLUSION The research highlighted the potential of cinnamoyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives as candidates for oral cancer, particularly OSCC treatment, shedding light on their operation at the molecular level and paving the way for the development of targeted therapies that could aid in the cure of oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eapen Cherian
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Travancore Dental College Medicity, Kollam, IND
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Santosh Deemed to Be University, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Neeti Mittal
- Pediatric Dentistry, Santosh Deemed to Be University, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Susan Mathews
- Prosthodontics, Travancore Dental College, Kollam, IND
| | - Muhammad Sagir
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Royal Dental College Medicity, Pallakad, IND
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Čunderlíková B, Klučková K, Babál P, Mlkvý P, Teplický T. Modifications of DAMPs levels in extracellular environment induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:802-816. [PMID: 38319688 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunogenic cell death plays an important role in anticancer treatment because it combines cell death with appearance of damage associated molecular patterns that have the potential to activate anticancer immunity. Effects of damage associated molecular patterns induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy were studied mainly on dendritic cells. They have not been deeply studied on macrophages that constitute the essential component of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to analyze features of esophageal cancer cell death in relation to release capacity of damage associated molecular pattern species, and to test the effect of related extracellular environmental alterations on macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Esophageal Kyse 450 carcinoma cells were subjected to aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy at different concentrations of aminolevulinic acid. Resting, IFN/LPS and IL-4 macrophage subtypes were prepared from monocytic THP-1 cell line. Cell death features and macrophage modifications were analyzed by fluorescence-based live cell imaging. ATP and HMGB1 levels in cell culture media were determined by ELISA assays. The presence of lipid peroxidation products in culture media was assessed by spectrophotometric detection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced various death pathways in Kyse 450 cells that included features of apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis. ATP amounts in extracellular environment of treated Kyse 450 cells increased with increasing aminolevulinic acid concentration. Levels of HMGB1, detectable by ELISA assay in culture media, were decreased after the treatment. Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced lipid peroxidation of cellular structures and increased levels of extracellular lipid peroxidation products. Incubation of resting and IL-4 macrophages in conditioned medium from Kyse 450 cells treated by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced morphological changes in macrophages, however, comparable alterations were induced also by conditioned medium from untreated cancer cells. CONCLUSION Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy leads to alterations in local extracellular levels of damage associated molecular patterns, however, comprehensive studies are needed to find whether they can be responsible for macrophage phenotype modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Čunderlíková
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Pavel Babál
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mlkvý
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Teplický
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bachari A, Nassar N, Telukutla S, Zomer R, Piva TJ, Mantri N. Evaluating the Mechanism of Cell Death in Melanoma Induced by the Cannabis Extract PHEC-66. Cells 2024; 13:268. [PMID: 38334660 PMCID: PMC10854753 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Research suggests the potential of using cannabinoid-derived compounds to function as anticancer agents against melanoma cells. Our recent study highlighted the remarkable in vitro anticancer effects of PHEC-66, an extract from Cannabis sativa, on the MM418-C1, MM329, and MM96L melanoma cell lines. However, the complete molecular mechanism behind this action remains to be elucidated. This study aims to unravel how PHEC-66 brings about its antiproliferative impact on these cell lines, utilising diverse techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), assays to assess the inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. The outcomes obtained from this study suggest that PHEC-66 triggers apoptosis in these melanoma cell lines by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic markers (BAX mRNA) while concurrently reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 mRNA). Additionally, PHEC-66 induces DNA fragmentation, halting cell progression at the G1 cell cycle checkpoint and substantially elevating intracellular ROS levels. These findings imply that PHEC-66 might have potential as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma. However, it is essential to conduct further preclinical investigations to delve deeper into its potential and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Srinivasareddy Telukutla
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Roby Zomer
- MGC Pharmaceuticals Limited, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen Y, Li X, Wang H, Wang Y, Tao L, Wang P, Zhang H. Bisphenol A induced neuronal apoptosis and enhanced autophagy in vitro through Nrf2/HO-1 and Akt/mTOR pathways. Toxicology 2023; 500:153678. [PMID: 38006930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) was traditionally used in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, but it was found to be harmful to human health due to its endocrine-disrupting effects. It can affect various biological functions of human beings and interfere with brain development. However, the neurotoxic mechanisms of BPA on brain development and associated neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. Here, we reported that BPA (100, 250, 500 μM) inhibited cell viability of neural cells PC12, SH-SY5Y and caused dose-dependent cell death. In addition, BPA exposure increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced the expression of cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX4), downregulated Bcl-2, and initiated apoptosis. Moreover, BPA treatment resulted in the accumulation of intracellular acidic vacuoles and increased the autophagy marker LC3 II to LC3 I ratio. Furthermore, BPA exposure inhibited Nrf2/ HO-1 and AKT/mTOR pathways and mediated cellular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and excessive autophagy, leading to neuronal degeneration. The interactions between oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis during BPA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear and require further in vivo confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing Tao
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Čižmáriková M, Michalková R, Mirossay L, Mojžišová G, Zigová M, Bardelčíková A, Mojžiš J. Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks: Insights from Experimental Evidence. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1653. [PMID: 38002335 PMCID: PMC10669545 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease with a high global incidence and mortality rate. Although cancer therapy has evolved significantly over the years, numerous challenges persist on the path to effectively combating this multifaceted disease. Natural compounds derived from plants, fungi, or marine organisms have garnered considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in the field of cancer research. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenolic compound found in various fruits and nuts, has emerged as a potential cancer prevention and treatment agent. This review summarizes the experimental evidence supporting the role of EA in targeting key hallmarks of cancer, including proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis evasion, immune evasion, inflammation, genomic instability, and more. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which EA modulates signaling pathways and molecular targets involved in these cancer hallmarks, based on in vitro and in vivo studies. The multifaceted actions of EA make it a promising candidate for cancer prevention and therapy. Understanding its impact on cancer biology can pave the way for developing novel strategies to combat this complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čižmáriková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Ladislav Mirossay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriela Mojžišová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Martina Zigová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Annamária Bardelčíková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.Č.); (R.M.); (M.Z.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan Z, Zhang Y, Du L, Liu L, Zhou H, Song W. U(VI) exposure induces apoptosis and pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140154. [PMID: 37714482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
U(VI) pollution has already led to serious harm to the environment and human health with the increase of human activities. The viability of RAW264.7 cells was assessed under various U(VI) concentration stress for 24 and 48 h. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of RAW264.7 cells under U(VI) stress were measured. The results showed that U(VI) decreased cell activity, induced intracellular ROS production, abnormal MMP, and increased SOD activity. The flow cytometry with Annexin-V/PI double labeling demonstrated that the rate of late apoptosis increased with the increase of U(VI) concentration, resulting in decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression. The morphology of RAW264.7 cells dramatically changed after 48 h U(VI) exposure, including the evident bubble phenomenon. Besides, U(VI) also increased the proportion of LDH releases and increased GSDMD, and Ras, p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 protein expression, which indicated that the MAPK pathway was also involved. Therefore, U(VI) ultimately led to apoptosis and pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells. This study offered convincing proof of U(VI) immunotoxicity and established the theoretical framework for further fundamental studies on U(VI) toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuna Yan
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Liang Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Han Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
| | - Wencheng Song
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moldovan C, Onaciu A, Toma V, Munteanu RA, Gulei D, Moldovan AI, Stiufiuc GF, Feder RI, Cenariu D, Iuga CA, Stiufiuc RI. Current trends in luminescence-based assessment of apoptosis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31641-31658. [PMID: 37908656 PMCID: PMC10613953 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the most extensively studied type of cell death, is known to play a crucial role in numerous processes such as elimination of unwanted cells or cellular debris, growth, control of the immune system, and prevention of malignancies. Defective regulation of apoptosis can trigger various diseases and disorders including cancer, neurological conditions, autoimmune diseases and developmental disorders. Knowing the nuances of the cell death type induced by a compound can help decipher which therapy is more effective for specific diseases. The detection of apoptotic cells using classic methods has brought significant contribution over the years, but innovative methods are quickly emerging and allow more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms, aside from a simple quantification. Due to increased sensitivity, time efficiency, pathway specificity and negligible cytotoxicity, these innovative approaches have great potential for both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review aims to shed light on the importance of developing and using novel nanoscale methods as an alternative to the classic apoptosis detection techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Moldovan
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400349 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Valentin Toma
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Raluca A Munteanu
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Alin I Moldovan
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Gabriela F Stiufiuc
- Faculty of Physics, "Babes Bolyai" University Mihail Kogalniceanu Street No. 1 400084 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Richard I Feder
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Diana Cenariu
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
| | - Cristina A Iuga
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Louis Pasteur Street 6 Cluj-Napoca 400349 Romania
| | - Rares I Stiufiuc
- Medfuture-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Marinescu 23/Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400337 Cluj-Napoca Romania +40-0726-34-02-78
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics & Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Louis Pasteur Street No. 4-6 400349 Cluj-Napoca Romania
- TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology 700483 Iasi Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu KL, Martinez-Paniagua M, Reichel K, Menon PS, Deo S, Roysam B, Varadarajan N. Automated detection of apoptotic bodies and cells in label-free time-lapse high-throughput video microscopy using deep convolutional neural networks. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad584. [PMID: 37773981 PMCID: PMC10563152 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Reliable label-free methods are needed for detecting and profiling apoptotic events in time-lapse cell-cell interaction assays. Prior studies relied on fluorescent markers of apoptosis, e.g. Annexin-V, that provide an inconsistent and late indication of apoptotic onset for human melanoma cells. Our motivation is to improve the detection of apoptosis by directly detecting apoptotic bodies in a label-free manner. RESULTS Our trained ResNet50 network identified nanowells containing apoptotic bodies with 92% accuracy and predicted the onset of apoptosis with an error of one frame (5 min/frame). Our apoptotic body segmentation yielded an IoU accuracy of 75%, allowing associative identification of apoptotic cells. Our method detected apoptosis events, 70% of which were not detected by Annexin-V staining. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Open-source code and sample data provided at https://github.com/kwu14victor/ApoBDproject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Ling Wu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Melisa Martinez-Paniagua
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Kate Reichel
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Prashant S Menon
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Shravani Deo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ryschich A, Dong Y, Schäfer M, Ryschich E, Karakhanova S. DWH24: a new antibody for fluorescence-based cell death analysis. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 11:045006. [PMID: 37612784 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aceed0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have gained considerable importance in laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, antibodies are extensively employed for the diagnosis and treatment of several human diseases. Herein, using targeted and cell immunisation approaches, we developed and characterised an antibody clone, DWH24. We found that DWH24 is an IgMκtype antibody that enables excellent visualisation and quantification of dead cells using immunofluorescence, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. This property was proved by the spontaneous cell death of several tumour cell lines and stimulated T cells, as well as after chemo- and photodynamic therapy. Unlike conventional apoptosis and cell death markers, DWH24 binding occurred in a Ca2+- and protein-independent manner and enabled live imaging of cell death progress, as shown using time-lapse microscopy. The binding specificity of DWH24 was analysed using a human proteome microarray, which revealed a complex response profile with very high spot intensities against various proteins, such as tropomyosin variants and FAM131C. Accordingly, DWH24 can be employed as a suitable tool for the cost-effective and universal analysis of cell death using fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ryschich
- Section of Surgical Research, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Dong
- Section of Surgical Research, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Section of Surgical Research, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduard Ryschich
- Section of Surgical Research, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Karakhanova
- Section of Surgical Research, Clinic of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ding R, Ma Y, Li T, Sun M, Sun Z, Duan J. The detrimental effects of micro-and nano-plastics on digestive system: An overview of oxidative stress-related adverse outcome pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163144. [PMID: 37003332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
With the massive manufacture and use of plastics, plastic pollution-related environmental impacts have raised great concern in recent years. As byproducts of plastic fragmentation and degradation, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have been identified as novel pollutants that posed a threat to the ecosystem and humans. Since MPs/NPs could be transported via the food chain and retained in the water, the digestive system should be one of the major targets of MPs/NPs-related toxicity. Although considerable evidence has supported the digestive toxicity of MPs/NPs, the proposed mechanisms remained ambiguous due to the variety of study types, models, and endpoints. This review provided a mechanism-based perspective on MPs/NPs-induced digestive effects by adopting the adverse outcome pathway framework as a promising tool. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species was identified as the molecular initiating event in MPs/NPs-mediated injury to the digestive system. A series of detrimental effects including oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, dysbiosis, and metabolic disorders were summarized as key events. Finally, the occurrence of these effects eventually led to an adverse outcome, suggesting a possible increase in the incidence of digestive morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang T, Xiao Y, Liu S, Luo F, Tang D, Yu Y, Xie Y. Isorhamnetin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by triggering DNA damage and regulating the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154780. [PMID: 37004402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to doxorubicin (DOX) inevitably limits its clinical use against breast cancer (BC). Isorhamnetin (IS), a native flavonoid which extensively available in vegetables, fruits, and phytomedicine, has been deemed to the probable cancer chemopreventive agent in preceding explorations since it exhibits satisfied antitumor activity. So far, the strategy for alleviating DOX resistance by using IS as a sensitizer against resistant BC has not yet been covered. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of IS on potentiating the chemoreceptivity of drug-resistant BC cells to DOX in vitro and in vivo and elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS MTS assays, colony formation assays, three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model, and migration assay were deployed to verify the inhibiting action of IS in the presence or absence of DOX on resistant BC cells in vitro. Apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and endocellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry. Protein levels were monitored by western blotting. Nuclear staining and EdU proliferation were photographed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The effects of the IS and DOX combination on the tumorigenesis in the xenograft experiments were evaluated for further confirming the in vitro cytotoxicity. RESULTS IS significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration and enhanced the antitumor competence of DOX against resistant BC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Adjuvant IS (50 μM) effectively enhanced the proapoptotic impacts of DOX in resistant BC cells (35.38 ± 3.18%, vs. 5.83 ± 0.68% in the DOX group) by suppressing the expression of bcl 2 in addition to enhancing cleaved caspase 3, ultimately leading to DNA condensation and fragmentation. IS (20, 30, and 50 μM) treatments induced significant increases in the G2/M populations (41.60 ± 1.28%, 44.60 ± 1.14%, and 50.64 ± 0.67%, vs. 35.84 ± 1.56% in the untreated control in MCF7/ADR cells, p < 0.01) via regulating CDK1/Cyclin B1 complex expression, subsequently triggering the inhibition of BC proliferation. In addition, IS (10, 20, 30, and 50 μM) stimulated the production of interstitial ROS in MCF7/ADR cells, by 3.99-, 4.20-, 6.29-, and 6.78-fold, respectively, versus the untreated group (p < 0.001), which were involved in DNA damage and AMPK-caused intercept of the mTOR/p70S6K signaling. CONCLUSION Our study suggested the anti-breast cancer actions of IS as a DOX sensitizer and expounded the underlying molecular mechanisms, showing that IS could be deemed to a capable alternative for resistant BC cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Yang
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fazhen Luo
- Pharmacy Department, Shanghai Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Dongyun Tang
- Pharmacy Department, Xiangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Yilin Yu
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Research Center for Health and Nutrition, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arafa KK, Ibrahim A, Mergawy R, El-Sherbiny IM, Febbraio F, Hassan RYA. Advances in Cancer Diagnosis: Bio-Electrochemical and Biophysical Characterizations of Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091401. [PMID: 36144024 PMCID: PMC9504238 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide leading cause of death, and it is projected that newly diagnosed cases globally will reach 27.5 million each year by 2040. Cancers (malignant tumors), unlike benign tumors are characterized by structural and functional dedifferentiation (anaplasia), breaching of the basement membrane, spreading to adjacent tissues (invasiveness), and the capability to spread to distant sites (metastasis). In the cancer biology research field, understanding and characterizing cancer metastasis as well as features of cell death (apoptosis) is considered a technically challenging subject of study and clinically is very critical and necessary. Therefore, in addition to the cytochemical methods traditionally used, novel biophysical and bioelectrochemical techniques (e.g., cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopic methods are increasingly being deployed to better understand these processes. Implementing those methods at the preclinical level enables the rapid screening of new anticancer drugs with understanding of their central mechanism for cancer therapy. In this review, principles and basic concepts of new techniques suggested for metastasis, and apoptosis examinations for research purposes are introduced, along with examples of each technique. From our recommendations, the privilege of combining the bio-electrochemical and biosensing techniques with the conventional cytochemical methods either for research or for biomedical diagnosis should be emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud K. Arafa
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Alaa Ibrahim
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Reem Mergawy
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1129216152
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao S, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhao L, Chang Q, Zhang X, Yan R, Wu X, Jin Y. Photoinduced Synthesis of Methylated Marine Cyclopeptide Galaxamide Analogs with Isoindolinone as Anticancer Agents. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060379. [PMID: 35736182 PMCID: PMC9227305 DOI: 10.3390/md20060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of amino acid residues has played an important role in the biological function of bioactive peptides. In this paper, various methyl-modified and stereostructural-modified marine cyclopeptide galaxamide analogs with isoindolinone were synthesized by a photoinduced single electron transfer cyclization reaction. It was found that the single-methyl substitution was beneficial for the bioactivity of cyclic analogs with isoindolinone fragments, and the influence of methylation on bioactivity is uncertain and is sometimes case-specific. The compound with a single methyl group at Gly5 (compound 8) showed the strongest antiproliferative activity against HepG-2 cells. The tumor cell apoptosis, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity have been studied extensively to evaluate the antitumor potential of compound 8. Western blotting tests showed that compound 8 could decrease the MDM2 level and increase p53 levels efficiently. Careful molecular docking suggested that cyclic peptide 8 could bind firmly with MDM2 oncoprotein, indicating that MDM2 may be a potential drug target of the prepared peptides.
Collapse
|