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Perez-Medina M, Lopez-Gonzalez JS, Benito-Lopez JJ, Ávila-Ríos S, Soto-Nava M, Matias-Florentino M, Méndez-Tenorio A, Galicia-Velasco M, Chavez-Dominguez R, Meza-Toledo SE, Aguilar-Cazares D. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Early Alterations Associated with Intrinsic Resistance to Targeted Therapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2490. [PMID: 39001552 PMCID: PMC11240825 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent form of lung cancer, and drug resistance poses a significant obstacle in its treatment. This study aimed to investigate the overexpression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as a mechanism that promotes intrinsic resistance in tumor cells from the onset of treatment. Drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells are a subset of cancer cells that survive and proliferate after exposure to therapeutic drugs, making them an essential object of study in cancer treatment. The molecular mechanisms underlying DTP cell survival are not fully understood; however, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed to play a crucial role. DTP cells from lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were obtained after single exposure to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; erlotinib or osimertinib). After establishing DTP cells, RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the differential expression of the lncRNAs. Some lncRNAs and one mRNA were overexpressed in DTP cells. The clinical relevance of lncRNAs was evaluated in a cohort of patients with lung adenocarcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RT-qPCR validated the overexpression of lncRNAs and mRNA in the residual DTP cells and LUAD biopsies. Knockdown of these lncRNAs increases the sensitivity of DTP cells to therapeutic drugs. This study provides an opportunity to investigate the involvement of lncRNAs in the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie intrinsic resistance. The identified lncRNAs and CD74 mRNA may serve as potential prognostic markers or therapeutic targets to improve the overall survival (OS) of patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
| | - Jesus J. Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (S.Á.-R.); (M.S.-N.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Maribel Soto-Nava
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (S.Á.-R.); (M.S.-N.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Margarita Matias-Florentino
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (S.Á.-R.); (M.S.-N.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia y Bioinformatica Genomica, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico;
| | - Miriam Galicia-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
| | - Sergio E. Meza-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico;
| | - Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (M.P.-M.); (J.S.L.-G.); (J.J.B.-L.); (M.G.-V.); (R.C.-D.)
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Liu R, Li B, Zi J, Zhang R, Yu M, Zhou J, Pu Y, Xiong W. The dual role of LOXL4 in the pathogenesis and development of human malignant tumors: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:2026-2042. [PMID: 38737700 PMCID: PMC11082665 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Lysyl oxidase-like protein 4 (LOXL4) is a secreted copper-dependent amine oxidase involved in the assembly and maintenance of extracellular matrix (ECM), playing a critical role in ECM formation and repair. Tumor-stroma interactions and ECM dysregulation are closely associated with the mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression. LOXL4 is the latest identified member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) protein family. Currently, there is limited and controversial research on the role of LOXL4 in human malignancies. Its specific regulatory pathways, mechanisms, and roles in the occurrence, development, and treatment of malignancies remain incompletely understood. This article aims to illustrate the primary protein structure and the function of LOXL4 protein, and the relationship between LOXL4 protein and the occurrence and development of human malignant tumors to provide a reference for further clinical research. Methods We searched the English literature on LOXL4 in the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors in PubMed and Web of Science. The search keywords include "cancer" "LOXL4" "malignant tumor" "tumorigenesis and development", etc. Key Content and Findings LOXL4 is up-regulated in human gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma and colorectal cancer, but down-regulated in human bladder cancer and lung cancer and inhibits tumor growth. There are two conflicting reports of both upregulation and downregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting that LOXL4 has a bidirectional effect of promoting or inhibiting cancer in different types of human malignant tumors. We further explore the application prospect of LOXL4 protein in the study of malignant tumors, laying a theoretical foundation for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and screening of prognostic markers of malignant tumors. Conclusions LOXL4 exerts a bidirectional regulatory role, either inhibiting or promoting tumors depending on the type of cancer. We still need more research to further confirm the molecular mechanism of LOXL4 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jiaji Zi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yuanqian Pu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Test of Yunnan Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China
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Xu P, Feng DX, Wang J, Wang YD, Xie G, Zhang B, Li XH, Zeng JW, Feng JF. LncRNA AGAP2 antisense RNA 1 stabilized by insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 promotes macrophage M2 polarization in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through regulation of the microRNA-9-5p/THBS2/PI3K-Akt pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:330. [PMID: 38110984 PMCID: PMC10729468 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence highlights the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biological behaviors of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we explored the mechanism of AGAP2-AS1 in the occurrence and development of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) involving IGF2BP3/miR-9-5p/THBS2. METHODS The expressions of AGAP2-AS1, IGF2BP3, miR-9-5p, and THBS2 and their relationship were analyzed by bioinformatics. The targeting relationship between AGAP2-AS1 and miR-9-5p and between miR-9-5p and THBS2 was evaluated with their effect on cell biological behaviors and macrophage polarization assayed. Finally, we tested the effect of AGAP2-AS1 on ccRCC tumor formation in xenograft tumors. RESULTS IGF2BP3 could stabilize AGAP2-AS1 through m6A modification. AGAP2-AS1 was highly expressed in ccRCC tissues and cells. The lentivirus-mediated intervention of AGAP2-AS1 induced malignant behaviors of ccRCC cells and led to M2 polarization of macrophages. In addition, THBS2 promoted M2 polarization of macrophages by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. AGAP2-AS1 could directly bind with miR-9-5p and promote the expression of THBS2 downstream of miR-9-5p. These results were further verified by in vivo experiments. CONCLUSION AGAP2-AS1 stabilized by IGF2BP3 competitively binds to miR-9-5p to up-regulate THBS2, activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inducing macrophage M2 polarization, thus facilitating the development of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Xiong Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Dong Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Fu Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 12 Changjia Lane, Jingzhong Street, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Chen C, Huang J, Xie Z, Chen X, Zheng Z, Li E, Zou H. The possibilities of LOXL4 as a prognostic marker for carcinomas. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1519-1529. [PMID: 37814029 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4), a member of lysyl oxidase family, is a copper and lysine tyrosylquinone-dependent amine oxidase that serves the role of catalyzing the cross-linking of elastin and collagen in the extracellular matrix. Numerous studies have shown a significant association between LOXL4 expression levels and tumor proliferation, migration, invasion and patients' prognosis and overall survival in different types of tumors. Here we review their relationship and the molecular pathogenesis behind them, aiming to explore the possibilities of LOXL4 as a prognostic marker for diverse carcinomas and provide some indications for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojian Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziman Xie
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Zheng
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Lv Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Potentials of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks as biomarkers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2023; 36:76-97. [PMID: 36181662 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance, radioresistance, and facile spreading of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) make the practically clinical treatment invalid. Such dismal outcome mainly originates from the lack of effective biomarkers which are highly desirable to understand the pathogenesis of LSCC, and strives to find promising novel biomarkers to improve early screening, effective treatment, and prognosis evaluation in LSCC. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a kind of non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides, can participate in the process of tumorigenesis and progression through many regulatory modalities, such as epigenetic transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional regulation. Meanwhile, microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), essentially involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, are aberrantly expressed in cancer-related genomic regions or susceptible sites. An increasing number of studies have shown that lncRNAs are important regulators of miRNAs expression in LSCC, and that miRNAs can also target to regulate the expression of lncRNAs, and they can target to regulate downstream messenger RNAs (mRNAs) transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally, thereby affecting various physiopathological processes of LSCC. Complex cross-regulatory networks existing among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs can regulate the tumorigenesis and development of LSCC. Such networks may become promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in the research field of LSCC. In this review, we mainly summarize the latest research progress on the regulatory relationships among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and downstream mRNAs, and highlight the potential applications of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks as biomarkers for the early diagnosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and prognosis of LSCC, aiming to provide important clues for understanding the pathogenesis of LSCC and developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- The Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- The Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China. .,Department of Morphology, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Life Science Building, No.8 Daxue Road, Yichang, 443002, China.
| | - Zhikai Zhang
- The Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
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Xu L, Xiao T, Xu L, Yao W. Identification of therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma via WGCNA. Front Oncol 2022; 12:977992. [PMID: 36591499 PMCID: PMC9795187 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor for which limited treatment methods and prognostic signatures are available. This study aims to identify potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for CCA. Methods Based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, our study identified key gene modules correlated with CCA patient survival by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Cox regression analysis identified survival-related genes in the key gene modules. The biological properties of the survival-related genes were evaluated by CCK-8 and transwell assays. Then, these genes were used to construct a prognostic signature that was internally and externally validated. Additionally, by combining clinical characteristics with the gene-based prognostic signature, a nomogram for survival prediction was built. Results WGCNA divided the 1531 DEGs into four gene modules, and the yellow gene module was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and histologic neoplasm grade. Our study identified the lncRNA AGAP2-AS1 and a novel gene, GOLGA7B, that are closely related to survival. GOLGA7B downregulation promoted the invasion, migration and proliferation of CCA cells, but AGAP2-AS1 had the opposite effect. AGAP2-AS1 and GOLGA7B were integrated into a gene-based prognostic signature, and both internal and external validation studies confirmed that this two-gene prognostic signature and nomogram could accurately predict CCA patient prognosis. Conclusion AGAP2-AS1 and GOLGA7B are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Ultrasonography Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Nursing Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Wei Yao,
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