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Zhang X, Wang S, Liu S, Du Z, Wu G, Liang Y, Huang Y, Shang X, Hu Y, Zhu Z, Sun W, Zhang X, Yu H. Epidemiologic association and shared genetic architecture between cataract and hearing difficulties among middle-aged and older adults. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:39. [PMID: 38632618 PMCID: PMC11022469 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related cataract and hearing difficulties are major sensory disorders that often co-exist in the global-wide elderly and have a tangible influence on the quality of life. However, the epidemiologic association between cataract and hearing difficulties remains unexplored, while little is known about whether the two share their genetic etiology. We first investigated the clinical association between cataract and hearing difficulties using the UK Biobank covering 502,543 individuals. Both unmatched analysis (adjusted for confounders) and a matched analysis (one control matched for each patient with cataract according to confounding factors) were undertaken and confirmed that cataract was associated with hearing difficulties (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.98-2.27; OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.86-2.23, respectively). Furthermore, we explored and quantified the shared genetic architecture of these two complex sensory disorders at the common variant level using the bivariate causal mixture model (MiXeR) and conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate method based on the largest available genome-wide association studies of cataract (N = 585,243) and hearing difficulties (N = 323,978). Despite detecting only a negligible genetic correlation, we observe polygenic overlap between cataract and hearing difficulties and identify 6 shared loci with mixed directions of effects. Follow-up analysis of the shared loci implicates candidate genes QKI, STK17A, TYR, NSF, and TCF4 likely contribute to the pathophysiology of cataracts and hearing difficulties. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of epidemiologic association between cataract and hearing difficulties and provides new insights into the shared genetic architecture of these two disorders at the common variant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunming Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanrong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou First people's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwen Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, VIC, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Honghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangzhou, China.
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Agwa SHA, Elzahwy SS, Hossam N, Yahia YA, Hamady S, Sherif N, Elshazly A, Darwish RM, Hashim JO, Adly MA, Abd Elsamee AM, Shamekh R, Roushdy MMS, Matboli M. Discriminatory power of a circulating multi-noncoding RNA panel in acute coronary syndrome subtypes: Towards precision detection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 169:106531. [PMID: 38280541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) stands as a significant contributor to cardiovascular mortality, necessitating improved diagnostic tools for early detection and tailored therapeutic interventions. Current diagnostic modalities, exhibit limitations in sensitivity and specificity, urging the quest for novel biomarkers to enhance discrimination of the different stages of ACS including unstable angina, Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). METHODS This study investigated the potential of a plasma-circulating multi-noncoding RNA (ncRNA) panel, comprising four miRNAs (miR-182-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-183-5p) and three lncRNAs (SNHG15, SNHG5, and RMRP), selected based on their intricate involvement in ACS pathogenesis and signaling pathways regulating post-myocardial infarction (MI) processes. The differential expression of these ncRNAs was validated in sera of ACS patients and healthy controls via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Analysis revealed a marked upregulation of the multi-ncRNAs panel in ACS patients. Notably, miRNA-182-5p and lncRNA-RMRP exhibited exceptional discriminatory power, indicated by the high area under the curve (AUC) values (0.990 and 0.980, respectively). Importantly, this panel displayed superior efficacy in discriminating between STEMI and NSTEMI, outperforming conventional biomarkers like creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponins. Additionally, the four miRNAs and lncRNA RMRP showcased remarkable proficiency in distinguishing between STEMI and unstable angina. CONCLUSION The findings underscore the promising potential of the multi-ncRNA panel as a robust tool for early ACS detection, and precise differentiation among ACS subtypes, and as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H A Agwa
- Clinical pathology and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Samir Elzahwy
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 1382, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Hossam
- Medicinal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Yahia A Yahia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Hamady
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nadine Sherif
- Clinical pathology and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshazly
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 1382, Egypt
| | - Reham M Darwish
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Jomana Osama Hashim
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ashraf Adly
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Aya M Abd Elsamee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genomics Unit, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Rania Shamekh
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Marian Maher Salib Roushdy
- Medicinal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medicinal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11382, Egypt.
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Luo D, Gao X, Zhu X, Xu J, Gao P, Zou J, Fan Q, Xu Y, Liu T. Biomarker screening using integrated bioinformatics for the development of "normal-impaired glucose intolerance-type 2 diabetes mellitus". Sci Rep 2024; 14:4558. [PMID: 38402348 PMCID: PMC10894242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease. We utilized bioinformatics analysis and experimental research to identify biomarkers indicative of the progression of T2DM, aiming for early detection of the disease and timely clinical intervention. Integrating Mfuzz analysis with differential expression analysis, we identified 76 genes associated with the progression of T2DM, which were primarily enriched in signaling pathways such as apoptosis, p53 signaling, and necroptosis. Subsequently, using various analytical methods, including machine learning, we further narrowed down the hub genes to STK17A and CCT5. Based on the hub genes, we calculated the risk score for samples and interestingly found that the score correlated with multiple programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. Animal experiments revealed that the diabetes model exhibited higher levels of MDA and LDH, with lower expression of SOD, accompanied by islet cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our study suggests that during the progression of diabetes, STK17A and CCT5 may contribute to the advancement of the disease by regulating oxidative stress, programmed cell death pathways, and critical signaling pathways such as p53 and MAPK, thereby promoting the death of islet cells. This provides substantial evidence in support of further disease prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Luo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiaolu Gao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xianqiong Zhu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiongbo Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiayi Zou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiaoming Fan
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, China.
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Niu N, Miao H, Ren H. Effect of miR-182-5p on apoptosis in myocardial infarction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21524. [PMID: 38034598 PMCID: PMC10685254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to delineate the diagnostic significance of miR-182-5p by investigating its influence on myocardial apoptosis and function, employing both in vivo and in vitro myocardial infarction models. Methods A rat myocardial infarction model was established. Myocardial infarction area was detected using the 2,3,5-chlorotriphenyltetrazolium (TTC) method, myocardial enzyme spectrums were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), myocardial structure was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, myocardial apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL method, and expression levels of miR-182-5p and apoptosis-related molecules were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot. miR-182-5p mimics and inhibitor were transfected into rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes and mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes to establish a hypoxia model. Cardiomyocyte viability was detected using the CCK-8 method, expression levels of apoptosis-related indicators were detected using Western blot, and caspase-3/7 activity was detected using a caspase-3/7 activity detection kit. AAV9 adeno-associated virus was used to construct an miR-182-5p overexpression virus, which was injected into mice through the tail vein to create a mouse myocardial infarction model. TTC, ELISA, HE staining, echocardiography, real-time fluorescence qPCR, and Western blot methods were used to detect the effects of AAV9-miR-182-5p on myocardial injury, myocardial function, and myocardial apoptosis levels in myocardial infarction. Results The rat model displayed reduced miR-182-5p expression concurrent with an increase in apoptosis. The in vitro H9C2 and HL-1 hypoxia models revealed that miR-182-5p augmented the hypoxia-induced decrease in myocardial cell viability, suppressed Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax, Bnip3, and caspase-3/7 activity levels. The injection of AAV9-miR-182-5p significantly exacerbated myocardial tissue damage, impaired myocardial function, and enhanced apoptosis. Conclusion miR-182-5p escalates myocardial injury during myocardial infarction by fostering apoptosis. Interventions that aim to reduce miR-182-5p levels might be crucial in halting the progression of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Niu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Canghai Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Huangtai Miao
- Coronary Heart Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750021, PR China
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Liu C, Zhu M, Yang H, Tang Y, Nisa K, Lu Y, Yang H, Yuan J. The role of blood podoplanin in patients with viral myocarditis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110889. [PMID: 37669599 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN), a small mucin-like glycoprotein, was recently found to promote the generation of cardiac ectopic lymphoid follicles and anti-heart autoantibodies (AHA) in viral myocarditis (VMC) mice. Herein, we investigated the blood PDPN expression and its potential clinical value in VMC patients. Overall, 40 VMC patients were enrolled among 112 hospitalized patients with suspected myocarditis. Their serum PDPN levels were higher than those in controlled acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients (n = 40) and healthy individuals (n = 30) (both p < 0.01) and positively correlated with CRP, IL-17, and IL-4 (all p < 0.01). Elevation of serum PDPN discriminated VMC from AMI (OR = 4.061, p < 0.01) and PDPN addition to the basic model (age, CRP, and peak cTNI) increased AUC values (from 0.822 to 0.933, p = 0.04). Additionally, the serum levels of PDPN ligand CCL-21 were also increased and correlated with PDPN (R = 0.59, p < 0.01) in VMC patients, accompanied by AHA production. Moreover, the anti-MHC antibody was closely related to PDPN levels (R = 0.53, p < 0.01), and anti-MHC-positive patients with VMC displayed higher percentages of CD4+IL-17A+PDPN+T cells and CD19+CCR7+B cells (both p < 0.05). Noticeably, VMC patients complicated by ventricular arrhythmias (27.50%) presented with AHA production and higher PDPN levels (p < 0.05). Finally, we screened out and verified that miR-182-5p directly targeted PDPN and negatively regulated its expression (all p < 0.01). These data suggested that blood PDPN might be a novel inflammation-associated biomarker for the early diagnosis of VMC and may contribute to AHA production by binding CCL-21 to recruit Th17 and B cells, which were regulated by miR-182-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingxin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongmin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yaohan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kristina Nisa
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Wang Y, Guo L, Zhang Z, Fu S, Huang P, Wang A, Liu M, Ma X. A bibliometric analysis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury from 2000 to 2023. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1180792. [PMID: 37383699 PMCID: PMC10293770 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1180792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) refers to the more severe damage that occurs in the previously ischemic myocardium after a short-term interruption of myocardial blood supply followed by restoration of blood flow within a certain period of time. MIRI has become a major challenge affecting the therapeutic efficacy of cardiovascular surgery. Methods A scientific literature search on MIRI-related papers published from 2000 to 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection database was conducted. VOSviewer was used for bibliometric analysis to understand the scientific development and research hotspots in this field. Results A total of 5,595 papers from 81 countries/regions, 3,840 research institutions, and 26,202 authors were included. China published the most papers, but the United States had the most significant influence. Harvard University was the leading research institution, and influential authors included Lefer David J., Hausenloy Derek J., Yellon Derek M., and others. All keywords can be divided into four different directions: risk factors, poor prognosis, mechanisms and cardioprotection. Conclusion Research on MIRI is flourishing. It is necessary to conduct an in-depth investigation of the interaction between different mechanisms and multi-target therapy will be the focus and hotspot of MIRI research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Guo
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Fu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Huang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anzhu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochang Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
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