1
|
Intini P, Berloco N, Coropulis S, Fonzone A, Ranieri V. Aberrant behaviors of drivers involved in crashes and related injury severity: Are there variations between the major cities in the same country? JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 89:64-82. [PMID: 38858064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crash data analyses based on accident datasets often do not include human-related variables because they can be hard to reconstruct from crash data. However, records of crash circumstances can help for this purpose since crashes can be classified considering aberrant behavior and misconduct of the drivers involved. METHOD In this case, urban crash data from the 10 largest Italian cities were used to develop four logistic regression models having the driver-related crash circumstance (aberrant behaviors: inattentive driving, illegal maneuvering, wrong interaction with pedestrian and speeding) as dependent variables and the other crash-related factors as predictors (information about the users and the vehicles involved and about road geometry and conditions). Two other models were built to study the influence of the same factors on the injury severity of the occupants of vehicles for which crash circumstances related to driver aberrant behaviors were observed and of the involved pedestrians. The variability between the 10 different cities was considered through a multilevel approach, which revealed a significant variability only for the inattention-related crash circumstance. In the other models, the variability between cities was not significant, indicating quite homogeneous results within the same country. RESULTS The results show several relationships between crash factors (driver, vehicle or road-related) and human-related crash circumstances and severity. Unsignalized intersections were particularly related to the illegal maneuvering crash circumstance, while the night period was clearly related to the speeding-related crash circumstance and to injuries/casualties of vehicle occupants. Cyclists and motorcyclists were shown to suffer more injuries/casualties than car occupants, while the latter were generally those exhibiting more aberrant behaviors. Pedestrian casualties were associated with arterial roads, heavy vehicles, and older pedestrians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Intini
- Department of Innovation Engineering University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Nicola Berloco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Stefano Coropulis
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Achille Fonzone
- Transport Research Institute, School of Engineering and The Built Environment Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
| | - Vittorio Ranieri
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari 70125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdulwahid SN, Mahmoud MA, Zaidan BB, Alamoodi AH, Garfan S, Talal M, Zaidan AA. A Comprehensive Review on the Behaviour of Motorcyclists: Motivations, Issues, Challenges, Substantial Analysis and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3552. [PMID: 35329238 PMCID: PMC8950571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous emergence of new technologies and the adaptation of smart systems in transportation, motorcyclist driving behaviour plays an important role in the transition towards intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Studying motorcyclist driving behaviour requires accurate models with accurate and complete datasets for better road safety and traffic management. As accuracy is needed in modelling, motorcyclist driving behaviour analyses can be performed using sensors that collect driving behaviour characteristics during real-time experiments. This review article systematically investigates the literature on motorcyclist driving behaviour to present many findings related to the issues, problems, challenges, and research gaps that have existed over the last 10 years (2011-2021). A number of digital databases (i.e., IEEE Xplore®, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched and explored to collect reliable peer-reviewed articles. Out of the 2214 collected articles, only 174 articles formed the final set of articles used in the analysis of the motorcyclist research area. The filtration process consisted of two stages that were implemented on the collected articles. Inclusion criteria were the core of the first stage of the filtration process keeping articles only if they were a study or review written in English or were articles that mainly incorporated the driving style of motorcyclists. The second phase of the filtration process is based on more rules for article inclusion. The criteria of inclusion for the second phase of filtration examined the deployment of motorcyclist driver behaviour characterisation procedures using a real-time-based data acquisition system (DAS) or a questionnaire. The final number of articles was divided into three main groups: reviews (7/174), experimental studies (41/174), and social studies-based articles (126/174). This taxonomy of the literature was developed to group the literature into articles with similar types of experimental conditions. Recommendation topics are also presented to enable and enhance the pace of the development in this research area. Research gaps are presented by implementing a substantial analysis of the previously proposed methodologies. The analysis mainly identified the gaps in the development of data acquisition systems, model accuracy, and data types incorporated in the proposed models. Finally, research directions towards ITS are provided by exploring key topics necessary in the advancement of this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moamin A. Mahmoud
- Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
- Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan
| | - Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Salem Garfan
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Mohammed Talal
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia;
| | - Aws Alaa Zaidan
- Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia; (A.H.A.); (S.G.); (A.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oezel L, Jaekel C, Bieler D, Stuewe D, Neubert A, Lefering R, Grassmann JP, Windolf J, Thelen S. [Differences in injury patterns in motorcycle accidents involving children and adolescents]. Unfallchirurg 2021; 125:880-891. [PMID: 34652472 PMCID: PMC9633521 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-021-01090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Verkehrsunfälle und ihre Verletzungsfolgen stellen eine häufige traumatische Ursache für das Versterben und für das Auftreten von irreversiblen Schäden bei Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Bei Motorradunfällen unterscheiden sich dabei Verletzungsmuster abhängig vom Patientenalter. Ziel der Arbeit Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die typischen Verletzungsmuster nach Motorradunfällen im Kindes- und Jugendalter vergleichend zu beschreiben, da diese einen ausschlaggebenden Einfluss auf die Prävention sowie die adäquate Behandlung der jeweiligen Patientengruppen bieten können. Material und Methoden In die Studie wurden innerhalb der Jahre 2002–2018 22.923 Patienten aus dem TraumaRegister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU®) eingeschlossen. Die Auswertung erfolgte in 4 Altersgruppen: Gruppe 1 (4 bis 15 Jahre), Gruppe 2 (16 bis 17 Jahre), Gruppe 3 (18 bis 20 Jahre) sowie Gruppe 4 (21 bis 50 Jahre) als Kontrolle. Ergebnisse In Gruppe 2 stellten Extremitätenverletzungen das häufigste Verletzungsmuster dar und traten überwiegend im Bereich der unteren Extremität auf. Zudem ergab die Analyse, dass Gruppe 1 häufiger ein schweres Schädel-Hirn-Trauma erleidet, trotz initial schlechtem Zustand aber ein besseres Outcome aufweist. Thorakale, abdominelle sowie Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenverletzungen kommen bei den jüngeren Altersgruppen seltener vor. Insbesondere stellen Rippenfrakturen eine Rarität bei Kindern dar. In der Diagnostik werden Kinder im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen seltener einer Ganzkörper-CT-Diagnostik zugeführt. Diskussion Die Studie deckt altersabhängige Unterschiede in den Verletzungsmustern von Patienten auf, die als Beifahrer oder Fahrer eines Motorrades in einen Unfall involviert waren. Zudem konnten ebenso Unterschiede in der prä- und innerklinischen Versorgung herausgearbeitet werden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Oezel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - C Jaekel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| | - D Bieler
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Wiederherstellungs‑, Hand- und Plastische Chirurgie, Verbrennungsmedizin, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Koblenz, Deutschland
| | - D Stuewe
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - A Neubert
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - R Lefering
- Institut für Forschung in der Operativen Medizin, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Deutschland
| | - J P Grassmann
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - J Windolf
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - S Thelen
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rankin KA, Zaki T, Ou D, Kim CY, Averbukh L, Maisano JR, Leslie MP, Wiznia DH. High-risk motor vehicle drivers engage in more risk behaviors than motorcyclists. SICOT J 2021; 7:29. [PMID: 33929313 PMCID: PMC8086423 DOI: 10.1051/sicotj/2021027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare risk behaviors between motorcyclists and motor vehicle drivers who were involved in accidents and required hospitalization. The study focused on patients who were recently involved in motorcycle collisions (MCCs) and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Methods: We identified 63 patients involved in MCCs and 39 patients involved in MVCs who were admitted to our level-1 trauma center from April 2014 to September 2015. These 102 patients completed a questionnaire designed to evaluate risky driving behaviors. Pearson’s chi-squared tests and unpaired two-tailed t-tests were used to evaluate categorical and normally distributed continuous variables, respectively. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze predictors of risk behavior. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: When compared to patients involved in an MCC, patients involved in MVCs were more likely to be female (p = 0.007), drive more frequently (p < 0.001), and never perceive the risk of an accident (p = 0.036). MVC patients were more likely to have admitted to substance use on the day of the accident (p = 0.030), historically drive under the influence of drugs (p = 0.031), drive while tired (p < 0.001), drive while text messaging (p < 0.001), and speed while overtaking vehicles (p = 0.011). Overall, MVC patients engaged in more risk behaviors (3.3 ± 1.3 vs. 2.0 ± 1.5; p < 0.001) and were more likely to engage in multiple risk behaviors (p < 0.001). MVCs were associated with increased risk behavior, even after controlling for protective behaviors, driving history, and demographics (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Within our cohort of trauma patients at our institution, motor vehicle drivers were more likely than motorcyclists to engage in any one risk behavior and engage in a higher number of risk behaviors. In addition, motor vehicle drivers perceived their risk of a potential accident as lower than riding a motorcycle. Education initiatives should focus on motor vehicle driver safety interventions that reduce risk behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Rankin
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Theodore Zaki
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Derek Ou
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chang-Yeon Kim
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leon Averbukh
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Julianna R Maisano
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael P Leslie
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel H Wiznia
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Möller H, Senserrick T, Rogers K, Sakashita C, de Rome L, Boufous S, Davey C, Cullen P, Ivers R. Crash risk factors for novice motorcycle riders. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 73:93-101. [PMID: 32563413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motorcycle riders have the highest injury and fatality rates among all road users. This research sought in-depth understanding of crash risk factors to help in developing targeted measures to reduce motorcycle crash injuries and fatalities. METHODS We used interview data from a study of 2,399 novice motorcycle riders in Victoria, Australia from 2010 to 2012 linked with their police-recorded crash and offence data. The outcome measure was self and/or police reported crash. The association between potential risk factors and crashes was explored in multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS In the multivariable analysis, riders who reported being involved in three or more near crashes had 1.74 times (95% CI 1.11-2.74) higher odds of crashing compared to riders who reported no near-crash events, and riders who participated in a pre-learner course had 1.41 times higher odds of crashing (95% CI 1.07-1.87) compared with riders who did not attend a pre-learner course. Riders who had been involved in a crash before the study had 1.58 times (95% CI 1.14-2.19) higher odds of crashing during the study period compared with riders who were not involved in a crash. Each additional month of having held a license and learner permit decreased the odds of crashing by 2%, and each additional 1,000 km of riding before the study increased the odds of crashing by 2%. CONCLUSION Measures of pre-learner training and riding experience were the strongest predictors of crashing in this cohort of novice motorcycle riders. At the time of the study there was no compulsory rider training to obtain a learner permit in Victoria and no on-road courses were available. It may be plausible that riders who voluntarily participated in an unregulated pre-learner course became or remained at high risk of crash after obtaining a rider license. We suggest systematically reviewing the safety benefits of voluntary versus mandatory pre-learner and learner courses and the potential need to include on-road components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Möller
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health & Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Teresa Senserrick
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Graduate School of Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chika Sakashita
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Global Road Safety Solutions (GRSS) Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia
| | - Liz de Rome
- Deakin University Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- School of Aviation, Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carine Davey
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health & Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health & Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ngarruwan Ngadju, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health & Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sodeinde K, Odukoya O, Charles-Eromosele T, Olufunlayo T. Risk behaviors for road traffic crashes among commercial motorcyclists in a semi-urban area of Ogun State, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jcls.jcls_15_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
7
|
Romero DL, de Barros DM, Belizario GO, Serafim ADP. Personality traits and risky behavior among motorcyclists: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225949. [PMID: 31805128 PMCID: PMC6894775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits have been associated with a series of dysfunctional behaviors, ranging from violence to drug abuse and other risky behaviors. However, few studies have investigated motorcycle riders' personality traits, and no research using the psychobiological model of personality was found. Thus, we investigated the association between temperament and character traits and the occurrence of Motorcycle Accidents (MAs). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with a randomly selected of 153 Brazilian motorcycle riders (116 male and 37 female) with a mean age of 31.8randomly selected from the driver's license register, between 2015 and 2018. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were used. RESULTS Of the 153 participants, 146 (95.4%) reported having been involved in previous accidents, with the main causes as follows: "other drivers' careless behavior" (34.9%); "personal disrespect of traffic rules" (18.5%) and "personal careless behavior" (20.6%). Motorcyclists exhibited higher scores for the temperament factors of novelty seeking and persistence and lower scores for harm avoidance and reward dependence in comparison to the Brazilian population). Considering the reason for motorcycle use, the group of riders that used their motorcycles for work exhibited more temperament factors associated with risk behaviors than those who did not. It was observed that 68.9% of them had low Harm Avoidance (HA) factor scores, whereas 72.1% had high Novelty Seeking (NS) factor scores. DISCUSSION The present study highlighted the influences of different personality traits on behaviors, decision-making and risk attitudes that can be potentially harmful to an individual and others. The results provided evidence that a lack of knowledge and experience in riding a motorcycle or any other vehicle, combined with personality traits, contribute to the adoption of risky behaviors that may act as triggers for most causes of Motorcycle Accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Luiz Romero
- Department of Psychology, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins de Barros
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Okawa Belizario
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio de Pádua Serafim
- Department of Psychology, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki K, Alhajyaseen WKM, Imada K, Dias C. Motorcyclists’ Safety on Expressways: Subjective and Objective Evaluations. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Atalar D, Thomas P. Powered two-wheeler crash scenario development. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 125:198-206. [PMID: 30771589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Powered two wheeler (PTW) riders are a group of vulnerable road users that are overrepresented compared to other road user groups with regards to crash injury outcomes. The understanding of the dynamics that occur before a crash benefits in providing suitable countermeasures for said crashes. A clearer interpretation of which factors interact to cause collisions allows an understanding of the mechanisms that produce higher risk in specific situations in the roadway. Real world in-depth crash data provides detailed data which includes human, vehicular and environmental factors collected on site for crash analysis purposes. This study used macroscopic on-scene crash data collected in the UK between the years 2000-2010 as part of the "Road Accident In-depth Study" to analyse the factors that were prevalent in 428 powered two-wheeler crashes. A descriptive analysis and latent class cluster analysis was performed to identify the interaction between different crash factors and develop PTW scenarios based on this analysis. The PTW rider was identified as the prime contributor in 36% of the multiple vehicle crashes. Results identified seven specific scenarios, the main types of which identified two particular 'looked but failed to see' crashes and two types of single vehicle PTW crashes. In cases where the PTW lost control diagnosis failures were more common, for road users other than the PTW rider detection issues were of particular relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atalar
- Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK; Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Pete Thomas
- Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|