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Basheti MM, Bussing J, Grunstein R, Gordon C, Saini B. Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Sleep Health Educational Module for Pharmacy Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100632. [PMID: 38092088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacists need sleep health knowledge and management skills to deliver evidence-based treatments to patients with sleep disorders/disturbances. This study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate a pedagogically informed, interactive sleep health educational module for pharmacy students. METHODS An educational module utilizing a flipped classroom approach, with an interactive lecture, student self-reflection of sleep patterns, case discussions, and pharmacist-patient role-play scenarios, was designed and implemented. A questionnaire assessing pre/post-module changes in knowledge about and attitudes toward sleep health as well as post-module learning satisfaction, was administered to all participating second-year pharmacy students at an Australian university. RESULTS Mean total knowledge scores for participating students (n = 125, 70.4% female) improved significantly, from a baseline of 11.1 ± 3.8 to 17.1 ± 3.5 post-module (range: 0-25). Attitudes toward sleep health were moderately high at baseline (28.8 ± 3.2) and improved marginally post-module (29.4 ± 3.8) (range: 10-50); however, this increase was insignificant. Participants expressed high satisfaction with the module through subjective feedback, and post-module reflective statements indicated plans for changing sleep behaviors. CONCLUSION The results of this study have shown that a targeted educational module for pharmacy students improved sleep health knowledge. It appeared that positive attitudes toward sleep health were not significantly increased which may reflect a ceiling effect. Future modules should focus on attitudinal aspects of positive sleep health to enhance pharmacists' skills in providing clinically related sleep health care to patients with sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Basheti
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, CIRUS Sleep and Chronobiology Research Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jocelyn Bussing
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Grunstein
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, CIRUS Sleep and Chronobiology Research Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, CIRUS Sleep and Chronobiology Research Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, CIRUS Sleep and Chronobiology Research Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mulder F, Löwinger D, Jenkinson SP, Kaiser E, Scharf T, Maire M, Duss S, Bassetti C, Heinzer R, Auer R, Meyer-Massetti C. Counselling for Chronic Insomnia in Swiss Pharmacies: A Survey Study Based on Case Vignettes. PHARMACY 2023; 11:105. [PMID: 37368431 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Chronic insomnia (CI) reduces quality of life and may trigger depression and cardiovascular diseases. The European Sleep Research Society recommends cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT-I) as the first-line treatment. Because a recent study in Switzerland demonstrated that this recommendation was inconsistently followed by primary care physicians, we hypothesised that pharmacists also deviate from these guidelines. The aim of this study is to describe current treatment practices for CI recommended by pharmacists in Switzerland, compare them to guidelines and examine their attitudes towards CBT-I. (2) Methods: A structured survey was sent to all the members of the Swiss Pharmacists Association, containing three clinical vignettes describing typical CI pharmacy clients. Treatments had to be prioritised. The prevalence of CI, and the pharmacists' knowledge and interest in CBT-I were assessed. (3) Results: Of 1523 pharmacies, 123 pharmacists (8%) completed the survey. Despite large variations, valerian (96%), relaxation therapy (94%) and other phytotherapies (85%) were most recommended. Although most pharmacists did not know about CBT-I (72%) and only 10% had recommended it, most were very interested (64%) in education. Missing financial compensation hampers the recommendation of CBT-I. (4) Conclusions: Contrary to existing European guidelines, community pharmacists in Switzerland mostly recommended valerian, relaxation therapy and other phytotherapies for treating CI. This might be connected to the client's expectation of pharmacy services, e.g., medication dispensing. While pharmacists recommend sleep hygiene regularly, most did not know of CBT-I as an overarching concept but were willing to learn. Future studies should test the effects of dedicated training about CI and changes in the financial compensation for counselling for CI in pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mulder
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Health sciences GHS, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Löwinger
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen P Jenkinson
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Kaiser
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Scharf
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Health sciences GHS, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Micheline Maire
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Zug, 6340 Baar, Switzerland
| | - Simone Duss
- Interdisciplinary Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center and Swiss Sleep House Bern, Inselspital-University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- Interdisciplinary Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center and Swiss Sleep House Bern, Inselspital-University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Heinzer
- Service for Pneumology and Sleep Research Center (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reto Auer
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla Meyer-Massetti
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital-University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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