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Kumar R, Thakur AK, Kali G, Pitchaiah KC, Arya RK, Kulabhi A. Particle preparation of pharmaceutical compounds using supercritical antisolvent process: current status and future perspectives. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:946-965. [PMID: 36575354 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The low aqueous solubility and subsequently slow dissolution rate, as well as the poor bioavailability of several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the particle engineering approaches using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) as an antisolvent are critically reviewed. The different SC CO2-based antisolvent processes, such as the gas antisolvent process (GAS), supercritical antisolvent process (SAS), and a solution-enhanced dispersion system (SEDS), are described. The effect of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, solute concentration, nozzle diameter, SC CO2 flow rate, solvent type, and solution flow rate on the average particle size, particle size distribution, and particle morphology is discussed from the fundamental perspective of the SAS process. The applications of the SAS process in different formulation approaches such as solid dispersion, polymorphs, cocrystallization, inclusion complexation, and encapsulation to enhance the dissolution rate, solubility, and bioavailability are critically reviewed. This review highlights some areas where the SAS process has not been adequately explored yet. This review will be helpful to researchers working in this area or planning to explore SAS process to particle engineering approaches to tackle the challenge of low solubility and subsequently slow dissolution rate and poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Amit K Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Raj Kumar Arya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, Punjab, India
| | - Anurag Kulabhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Generation of Highly Antioxidant Submicron Particles from Myrtus communis Leaf Extract by Supercritical Antisolvent Extraction Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020530. [PMID: 36830088 PMCID: PMC9951993 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Submicron particles have been produced from an ethanolic extract of Myrtus communnis leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide technology, hereinafter referred to as Supercritical Antisolvent Extraction (SAE). The influence of pressure (9-20 MPa), temperature (308 and 328 K) and injection rate (3 and 8 mL/min) on the particles' precipitation has been investigated, and it has been confirmed that increases in pressure and temperature led to smaller particle sizes. The obtained particles had a quasi-spherical shape with sizes ranging from 0.42 to 1.32 μm. Moreover, the bioactivity of the generated particles was assessed and large contents of phenolic compounds with a high antioxidant activity were measured. The particles were also subjected to in vitro studies against oxidative stress. The myrtle particles demonstrated cytoprotective properties when applied at low concentrations (1 μM) to macrophage cell lines.
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Vapor–Liquid Equilibria of Quaternary Systems of Interest for the Supercritical Antisolvent Process. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Supercritical Antisolvent process (SAS), the thermodynamic behavior of complex multicomponent systems can influence the particles’ morphology. However, due to the limited thermodynamic data for multicomponent systems, the effect of solutes is often neglected, and the system is considered as pseudo-binary. It has been demonstrated that the presence of a solute can significantly influence the thermodynamic behavior of the system. In particular, when the SAS process is adopted for the production of drug/polymer coprecipitated microparticles, the effect of both the drug and the polymer in the solvent/CO2 mixture should be considered. In this work, the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), used as the carrier, and of the liposoluble vitamins menadione (MEN) and α-tocopherol (TOC), as model drugs, was investigated as a deviation from the fundamental thermodynamic behavior of the DMSO/CO2 binary system. Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) were evaluated at 313 K, with a PVP concentration in the organic solution equal to 20 mg/mL. The effect of the presence of PVP, MEN, and TOC on DMSO/CO2 VLE at 313 K was studied; furthermore, the effect of PVP/MEN and PVP/TOC, at a polymer/drug ratio of 5/1 and 3/1, was determined. Moreover, SAS precipitation experiments were performed at the same polymer/drug ratios using a pressure of 90 bar. Thermodynamic studies revealed significant changes in phase behavior for DMSO/CO2/PVP/TOC and DMSO/CO2/PVP/MEN systems compared to the binary DMSO/CO2 system. From the analysis of the effect of the presence of a single compound on the binary system VLE, it was noted that PVP slightly affected the thermodynamic behavior of the system. In contrast, these effects were more evident for the DMSO/CO2/TOC and DMSO/CO2/MEN systems. SAS precipitation experiments produced PVP/MEN and PVP/TOC microparticles, and the obtained morphology was justified considering the quaternary systems VLE.
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Villalva M, Silvan JM, Alarcón-Cavero T, Villanueva-Bermejo D, Jaime L, Santoyo S, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Properties of an Achillea millefolium L. Extract and Its Fractions Obtained by Supercritical Anti-Solvent Fractionation against Helicobacter pylori. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101849. [PMID: 36290572 PMCID: PMC9598488 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the potential utility of an Achillea millefolium extract (yarrow extract, YE) in the control of H. pylori infection. The supercritical anti-solvent fractionation (SAF) process of YE allowed the obtaining of two different fractions: yarrow’s precipitated fraction (YPF), enriched in most polar phenolic compounds (luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid), and yarrow’s separator fraction (YSF), enriched in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, mainly containing camphor, artemisia ketone, and borneol. YE was effective in reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human gastric AGS cells by 16% to 29%, depending on the H. pylori strain. YPF had the highest inhibitory activity (38–40%) for ROS production. YE modulated the inflammatory response in AGS gastric cells, decreasing IL-8 production by 53% to 64%. This IL-8 inhibition also showed a strain-dependent character. YPF and YSF exhibited similar behavior, reducing IL-8 production, suggesting that both phenolic compounds and essential oils could contribute to IL-8 inhibition. YSF showed the highest antibacterial activity against H. pylori (6.3–7.1 log CFU reduction, depending on the strain) and lower MIC (0.08 mg/mL). Results obtained have shown that YE and SAF fractions (YPF and YSF) were effective as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents regardless of the H. pylori strain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Villalva
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Silvan
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alarcón-Cavero
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Villanueva-Bermejo
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jaime
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Santoyo
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Cantoblanco Campus, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-001-79-64
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Supercritical Fluid Technologies for the Incorporation of Synthetic and Natural Active Compounds into Materials for Drug Formulation and Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081670. [PMID: 36015296 PMCID: PMC9413081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various active compounds isolated from natural sources exhibit remarkable benefits, making them attractive for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, various types of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. However, their major drawbacks are their reactivity, instability, relatively poor water solubility, and consequently low bioavailability. Synthetic drugs often face similar challenges associated with inadequate solubility or burst release in gastrointestinal media, despite being otherwise a safe and effective option for the treatment of numerous diseases. Therefore, drug-eluting pharmaceutical formulations have been of great importance over the years in efforts to improve the bioavailability of active compounds by increasing their solubility and achieving their controlled release in body media. This review highlights the success of the fabrication of micro- and nanoformulations using environmentally friendly supercritical fluid technologies for the processing and incorporation of active compounds. Several novel approaches, namely micronization to produce micro- and nano-sized particles, supercritical drying to produce aerogels, supercritical foaming, and supercritical solvent impregnation, are described in detail, along with the currently available drug delivery data for these formulations.
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Pokrovskiy O, Vorobei A, Zuev Y, Kostenko M, Lunin V. Investigation of precipitation selectivity and particle size concentration dependences in supercritical antisolvent method via online supercritical fluid chromatography. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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