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Ltifi MA, Jlid MC, Coquart J, Maffulli N, van den Tillaar R, Aouadi R. Acute Effect of Four Stretching Protocols on Change of Direction in U-17 Male Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:165. [PMID: 37755842 PMCID: PMC10535123 DOI: 10.3390/sports11090165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to rapidly change direction while sprinting is a desirable athletic skill in soccer. Enhancing change of direction (COD) performance depends almost exclusively on specific training, with stretching traditionally considered one such intervention. However, the comparative impact of diverse stretching methods on COD in soccer players remains an area of interest. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of different stretching methods on COD ability in soccer players. METHODS Twelve male soccer players playing in the national championship football division II (age: 16.3 ± 0.3 years, height: 1.81 ± 0.10 m, body mass: 67.7 ± 7.2 kg) were tested for COD performance (i.e., Illinois agility test) after (1) control condition (20 min general warm-up without stretching), (2) static stretching, (3) dynamic stretching, (4) combined static-dynamic stretching, and (5) combined dynamic-static stretching. The duration of stretching intervention was approximately 6 min for static and dynamic stretching and 12 min for both the combined stretching conditions. The experimental sessions were separated by 72 h. RESULTS COD improved after dynamic stretching when compared to any other condition (p: 0.03-0.002; ηp2: 0.56-0.73), except for the control condition (p = 0.146; ηp2 = 0.18). In contrast, static stretching induced a detrimental effect on COD when compared only to the dynamic stretching condition (p < 0.01; ES = 1.35). CONCLUSION Dynamic stretching exercises used by male soccer players in the warm-up improved COD. Other forms of stretching exercises, particularly static stretching, negatively impacted the COD performance. Therefore, coaches can consider integrating dynamic stretching protocols tailored to the athletes' specific needs. Moreover, extending the investigation to encompass a wider range of athletes, including different age groups and genders, would enhance the applicability and generalization of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Ltifi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; (M.A.L.); (M.C.J.); (R.A.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chedly Jlid
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; (M.A.L.); (M.C.J.); (R.A.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Jérémy Coquart
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, BP 10665-62030 Arras, France;
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Università of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department for Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Ridha Aouadi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; (M.A.L.); (M.C.J.); (R.A.)
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
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Burnett PJM, Willems MET. Effects of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Sequential Performance Testing in Male Rugby Union Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100152. [PMID: 36287765 PMCID: PMC9607097 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on performance effects by New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract used mainly a single exercise task. We examined the effects of NZBC extract in a battery of rugby union–specific tests including speed, agility and strength testing. University male rugby union players (n = 13, age: 21 ± 2 years, height: 182 ± 6 cm, body mass: 87 ± 13 kg) completed two full familiarisations and two experimental visits in an indoor facility. The study had a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, crossover design. For the experimental visits, participants consumed NZBC extract (210 mg/day of anthocyanins for 7 days) or placebo with a 7-day wash-out. Testing order was the running-based anaerobic sprint test, the Illinois agility test, seated medicine ball (3 kg) throw, and handgrip strength. With NZBC extract, there may have been an effect for average sprint time to be faster by 1.7% (placebo: 5.947 ± 0.538 s, NZBC extract: 5.846 ± 0.571 s, d = −0.18 (trivial), p = 0.06). However, with NZBC extract there may have been reduced slowing of sprint 2 (d = −0.59 (moderate), p = 0.06) and reduced slowing for sprint 6 (d = −0.56 (moderate), p = 0.03). In the Illinois agility test, there may have also been an effect for the mean time to be faster by 1.6% (placebo: 18.46 ± 1.44 s, NZBC extract: 18.15 ± 1.22 s, d = −0.24 (small), p = 0.07). The correlation between the %change in average sprint time and %change in mean agility time was not significant (Pearson R2 = 0.0698, p = 0.383). There were no differences for the seated medicine ball throw distance (p = 0.106) and handgrip strength (p = 0.709). Intake of NZBC extract in rugby union players seems to improve tasks that require maximal speed and agility but not muscle strength. NZBC blackcurrant extract may be able to enhance exercise performance in team sports that require repeated movements with high intensity and horizontal change of body position without affecting muscle strength.
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3
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Post BK, Dawes JJ, Lockie RG. Relationships Between Tests of Strength, Power, and Speed and the 75-Yard Pursuit Run. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:99-105. [PMID: 31800480 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Post, BK, Dawes, JJ, and Lockie, RG. Relationships between tests of strength, power, and speed and the 75-yard pursuit run. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 99-105, 2022-The 75-yard pursuit run (75 PR) was designed to simulate a foot pursuit for law enforcement officers (LEOs). Currently, there has been no analysis of contributing physiological factors to performance in this test. The study purpose was to determine the relationships between the 75 PR and tests of linear speed, change-of-direction (COD) speed, and lower-body power and strength. Forty-three subjects (21 men and 22 women) completed 2 testing days. Day 1 consisted of the 75 PR, and linear speed (5- and 20-m sprint intervals) and lower-body power (standing broad jump, best lateral jump regardless of leg) tests. Day 2 included the COD speed (Illinois agility test [IAT], best 505 regardless of leg), lower-body power (vertical jump [VJ]), and strength (isometric mid-thigh pull: peak force, normalized peak force [nPF]) tests. Pearson's (men and women) and partial (combined controlling for sex) correlations (p < 0.05) determined relationships between the 75 PR and the performance tests. Significant relationships were found between the 75 PR and the jump tests (r = -0.53 to -0.68), 20-m sprint interval, IAT, and 505 (r = 0.55-0.82) in men, and between the 75 PR and the jump tests, nPF (r = -0.56 to -0.79), sprint intervals, IAT, and 505 in women (r = 0.54-0.84). When sexes were combined, significant relationships were observed between the 75 PR and the jump tests, nPF (r = -0.41 to -0.67), sprint intervals, IAT, and 505 (r = 0.43-0.78). Prospective LEOs should develop linear and COD speed, lower-body power, and relative strength to improve foot pursuit ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett K Post
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
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4
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Doma K, Connor J, Gahreman D, Boullosa D, Ahtiainen JP, Nagata A. Resistance Training Acutely Impairs Agility and Spike-Specific Performance Measures in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players Returning from the Off-Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186448. [PMID: 32899731 PMCID: PMC7559839 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of resistance training (RT) on volleyball-specific performance. Sixteen female volleyball players undertook their initial, pre-season RT bout. Countermovement jump (CMJ), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), and sport-specific performances (i.e., run-up jump, agility, and spiking speed and accuracy) were measured before, 24 (T24), and 48 (T48) hours after RT. A significant increase in DOMS was observed at T24 and T48 (~207.6% ± 119.3%; p < 0.05; ES = 1.8 (95% CI: 0.94–2.57)), whilst agility was significantly impaired at T48 (1.7% ± 2.5%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.30 (95% CI: −0.99–0.40)). However, there were no differences in CMJ (~−2.21% ± 7.6%; p > 0.05; ES = −0.11 (95% CI: −0.80–0.58)) and run-up jump (~−1.4% ± 4.7%; p > 0.05; ES = −0.07 (95% CI: −0.76–0.63)). Spiking speed was significantly reduced (−3.5% ± 4.4%; p < 0.05; ES = −0.28 (95% CI: −0.43–0.97)), although accuracy was improved (38.3% ± 81.4%: p < 0.05) at T48. Thus, the initial, preseason RT bout compromised agility and spiking speed for several days post-exercise. Conversely, spiking accuracy improved, suggesting a speed–accuracy trade-off. Nonetheless, at least a 48-h recovery may be necessary after the initial RT bout for athletes returning from the off-season or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-747814952
| | - Jonathan Connor
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0909, Australia;
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Juha P. Ahtiainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Akinori Nagata
- Faculty of Social Welfare, Rissho University, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan;
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Geeson-Brown T, Jones B, Till K, Chantler S, Deighton K. Body composition differences by age and playing standard in male rugby union and rugby league: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2161-2176. [PMID: 32546054 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1775990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine differences in body compositionn between playing standard and age in male rugby union and rugby league athletes. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting were followed. Studies were required to be in male rugby union or league and have body composition as the primary or secondary outcome. Data was required to be presented separately for positional groups and body composition presented as whole-body. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAHL via EBSCOhost. 57 studies were included for meta-analysis. Results highlighted significantly higher fat-free mass in senior elite than senior sub-elite or junior elite athletes for all RU and RL forwards. Small and non-significant differences were found in fat mass between rugby union playing standards and age categories. Rugby league senior elite forwards had less fat mass than junior elite forwards. Practitioners should prioritise training and nutritional strategies that maximise fat-free mass development, especially in junior elite cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Geeson-Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
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Lockie RG, Post BK, Dawes JJ. Physical Qualities Pertaining to Shorter and Longer Change-of-Direction Speed Test Performance in Men and Women. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020045. [PMID: 30781530 PMCID: PMC6409579 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated relationships between shorter (505, change-of-direction (COD) deficit as a derived physical quality) and longer (Illinois agility test; IAT) COD tests with linear speed, lower-body power (multidirectional jumping), and strength in recreationally-trained individuals. Twenty-one males and 22 females (similar to collegiate club-sport and tactical athletes) were assessed in: 505 and COD deficit from each leg; IAT; 20 m sprint; vertical jump (VJ height, peak anaerobic power measured in watts (PAPw), power-to-body mass ratio); standing broad jump; lateral jump (LJ) from each leg; and absolute and relative isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) strength. Partial correlations calculated sex-determined relationships between the COD and performance tests, with regression equations calculated (p < 0.05). The 505 and IAT correlated with all tests except PAPw and absolute IMTP (r = ±0.43–0.71). COD deficit correlated with the LJ (r = −0.34–0.60). Left- and right-leg 505 was predicted by sex, 20 m sprint, and left-leg LJ (70–77% explained variance). Right-leg COD deficit was predicted by sex and left-leg LJ (27% explained variance). IAT was predicted by sex, 20 m sprint, right-leg LJ, and relative IMTP (84% explained variance). For individuals with limited training time, improving linear speed, and relative lower-body power and strength, could enhance shorter and longer COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.
| | - Brett K Post
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.
| | - J Jay Dawes
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 90022, USA.
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7
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Chiwaridzo M, Oorschot S, Dambi JM, Ferguson GD, Bonney E, Mudawarima T, Tadyanemhandu C, Smits-Engelsman BCM. A systematic review investigating measurement properties of physiological tests in rugby. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:24. [PMID: 29299317 PMCID: PMC5745687 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This systematic review was conducted with the first objective aimed at providing an overview of the physiological characteristics commonly evaluated in rugby and the corresponding tests used to measure each construct. Secondly, the measurement properties of all identified tests per physiological construct were evaluated with the ultimate purpose of identifying tests with strongest level of evidence per construct. Methods The review was conducted in two stages. In all stages, electronic databases of EBSCOhost, Medline and Scopus were searched for full-text articles. Stage 1 included studies examining physiological characteristics in rugby. Stage 2 included studies evaluating measurement properties of all tests identified in Stage 1 either in rugby or related sports such as Australian Rules football and Soccer. Two independent reviewers screened relevant articles from titles and abstracts for both stages. Results Seventy studies met the inclusion criteria for Stage 1. The studies described 63 tests assessing speed (8), agility/change of direction speed (7), upper-body muscular endurance (8), upper-body muscular power (6), upper-body muscular strength (5), anaerobic endurance (4), maximal aerobic power (4), lower-body muscular power (3), prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability/endurance (5), lower-body muscular strength (5), repeated high-intensity exercise performance (3), repeated-sprint ability (2), repeated-effort ability (1), maximal aerobic speed (1) and abdominal endurance (1). Stage 2 identified 20 studies describing measurement properties of 21 different tests. Only moderate evidence was found for the reliability of the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness. There was limited evidence found for the reliability and/or validity of 5 m, 10 m, 20 m speed tests, 505 test, modified 505 test, L run test, Sergeant Jump test and bench press repetitions-to-fatigue tests. There was no information from high-quality studies on the measurement properties of all the other tests identified in stage 1. Conclusion A number of physiological characteristics are evaluated in rugby. Each physiological construct has multiple tests for measurement. However, there is paucity of information on measurement properties from high-quality studies for the tests. This raises questions about the usefulness and applicability of these tests in rugby and creates a need for high-quality future studies evaluating measurement properties of these physiological tests. Trial registrations PROSPERO CRD 42015029747. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13102-017-0081-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiwaridzo
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sander Oorschot
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Univeristy of Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jermaine M Dambi
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gillian D Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tapfuma Mudawarima
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Harare Central Hospital, Rehabilitation Department, P.O Box ST 14, Southerton, Lobengula Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cathrine Tadyanemhandu
- Rehabilitation Department, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Therapeutic Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Garcia CA, da Mota GR, Leicht AS, Marocolo M. Ischemic Preconditioning and Acute Recovery of Performance in Rugby Union Players. Sports Med Int Open 2017; 1:E107-E112. [PMID: 30539094 PMCID: PMC6226083 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning has been used as a training and/or pre-competition strategy; however its use for post-exercise recovery is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ischemic preconditioning on performance and recovery ratings following a simulated match in sub-elite rugby players. Following baseline measures, male players (n=8) performed a 40 min, rugby-specific exercise protocol followed by an intervention: 21 min of ischemic preconditioning (3×5 min occlusion at 220 mmHg with 2 min reperfusion at 0 mmHg) or passive rest (control) on 2 separate days. An agility T-test, a single vertical countermovement jump and 30 s of continuous vertical jumps were performed at baseline (–24 h), immediately after exercise, and immediately after the intervention. The rugby-specific exercise protocol induced similar mean heart rates (158.3±18.0 vs. 158.7±16.0 bpm) and perceived exertion levels (8.2±0.9 vs. 8.0±1.0) for both trials with all recovery performance measures and rating of recovery (13.9±1.4 vs. 13.6±1.6) similar between ischemic preconditioning and control trials (best p=0.385). We conclude that the use of ischemic preconditioning does not improve recovery acutely (~1 h) including specific variables related to rugby performance in amateur rugby union players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia A Garcia
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, UBERABA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, UBERABA, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Institute of Biological Sciences, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Kutlu M, Yapici H, Yilmaz A. Reliability and Validity of a New Test of Agility and Skill for Female Amateur Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:219-227. [PMID: 28469760 PMCID: PMC5384069 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Agility and Skill Test, which had been recently developed to assess agility and skill in female athletes. Following a 10 min warm-up, two trials to test the reliability and validity of the test were conducted one week apart. Measurements were collected to compare soccer players’ physical performance in a 20 m sprint, a T-Drill test, the Illinois Agility Run Test, change-of-direction and acceleration, as well as agility and skill. All tests were completed following the same order. Thirty-four amateur female soccer players were recruited (age = 20.8 ± 1.9 years; body height = 166 ± 6.9 cm; body mass = 55.5 ± 5.8 kg). To determine the reliability and usefulness of these tests, paired sample t-tests, intra-class correlation coefficients, typical error, coefficient of variation, and differences between the typical error and smallest worthwhile change statistics were computed. Test results showed no significant differences between the two sessions (p > 0.01). There were higher intra-class correlations between the test and retest values (r = 0.94–0.99) for all tests. Typical error values were below the smallest worthwhile change, indicating ‘good’ usefulness for these tests. A near perfect Pearson correlation between the Agility and Skill Test (r = 0.98) was found, and there were moderate-to-large levels of correlation between the Agility and Skill Test and other measures (r = 0.37 to r = 0.56). The results of this study suggest that the Agility and Skill Test is a reliable and valid test for female soccer players and has significant value for assessing the integrative agility and skill capability of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kutlu
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Istanbul Gelisim ISTANBUL, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yapici
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Kirikkale University, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Yilmaz
- Department of Statistics, Art & Science Faculty, the University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
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10
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Nimphius S, Callaghan SJ, Spiteri T, Lockie RG. Change of Direction Deficit: A More Isolated Measure of Change of Direction Performance Than Total 505 Time. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3024-3032. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Lockie RG, Schultz AB, Callaghan SJ, Jeffriess MD. The Relationship Between Dynamic Stability and Multidirectional Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3033-3043. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a744b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Chiwaridzo M, Ferguson GD, Smits-Engelsman BCM. A systematic review protocol investigating tests for physical or physiological qualities and game-specific skills commonly used in rugby and related sports and their psychometric properties. Syst Rev 2016; 5:122. [PMID: 27460647 PMCID: PMC4962394 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific focus on rugby has increased over the recent years, providing evidence of the physical or physiological characteristics and game-specific skills needed in the sport. Identification of tests commonly used to measure these characteristics is important for the development of test batteries, which in turn may be used for talent identification and injury prevention programmes. Although there are a number of tests available in the literature to measure physical or physiological variables and game-specific skills, there is limited information available on the psychometric properties of the tests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature for tests commonly used in rugby to measure physical or physiological characteristics and rugby-specific skills, documenting evidence of reliability and validity of the identified tests. METHODS/DESIGN A systematic review will be conducted. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE via EBSCOhost and PubMed, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and Africa-Wide Information via EBSCOhost will be searched for original research articles published in English from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2015, using a pre-defined search strategy. The principal investigator will select potentially relevant articles from titles and abstracts. To minimise bias, full text of titles and abstracts deemed potentially relevant will be retrieved and reviewed by two independent reviewers based on the inclusion criteria. Data extraction will be conducted by the principal investigator and verified by two independent reviewers. The Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist will be used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. DISCUSSION Choosing an appropriate test to be included in the screening test battery should be based on sound psychometric properties of the test available. This systematic review will provide an overview of the tests commonly used in rugby union and other related high intermittent team sports characterised by skill executions using the hands and legs such as Rugby League and Australian Rules Football. In addition, the review will highlight the psychometric properties of the identified tests. This information is crucial in developing a sport-specific test battery which can be used for talent identification, especially among young adolescent players, and injury prevention programmes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015029747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chiwaridzo
- University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Department, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. .,Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Gillian D Ferguson
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lockie RG, Schultz AB, Callaghan SJ, Jeffriess MD. The Effects of Traditional and Enforced Stopping Speed and Agility Training on Multidirectional Speed and Athletic Function. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1538-51. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hachana Y, Chaabène H, Nabli MA, Attia A, Moualhi J, Farhat N, Elloumi M. Test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity, and minimal detectable change of the Illinois agility test in male team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:2752-9. [PMID: 23439329 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182890ac3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were first to assess the reliability and criterion-related validity of the Illinois change of direction (COD) Illinois Agility Test (IAGT) and second to determine whether a relationship with power and speed exists. A total of 105 male team sport athletes participated in this investigation. Repeat measurements in 89 subjects out of the 105 were performed to assess the test-retest reliability and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference in the score between paired observations (minimal detectable change [MDC]95) of the COD IAGT. The intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM values for the COD IAGT test were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.85-0.98) and 0.19 seconds, respectively. The smallest worthwhile change (0.20 seconds) for the IAGT was greater than its SEM (0.19 seconds). The MDC95 value for the IAGT was 0.52 seconds. Criterion-related validity of the COD IAGT was assessed in the 105 subjects. They performed the COD IAGT and the T-test. Both tests were significantly correlated (r = 0.31 [95% CI, 0.24-0.39]; p < 0.05). The correlation between COD IAGT, acceleration, straight speed, and leg power was analyzed in all the 105 subjects. Pearson moment correlation revealed no association between acceleration and the COD IAGT. However, significant correlations were observed between the COD IAGT and leg power (r = -0.39 [95% CI, -0.26 to -0.44]; p < 0.05), and speed (r = 0.42 [95% CI, 0.37-0.51]; p < 0.05). When controlling for speed with partial correlation, the significant relationship between the COD IAGT and leg power disappeared. In conclusion, the COD IAGT seems to be a reliable and valid test, whose performance is significantly related to speed rather than to acceleration and leg power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Hachana
- 1Research Unit, Analysis and Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Sport Performance, Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar said, Tunisia; 2Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunisia; 3Faculty of Medicine, "Iben El Jazzar," University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; and 4Laboraory of physiology, Faculty of Medicine "Iben El Jazzar," Sousse, Tunisia
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Validity and reliability of new agility test among elite and subelite under 14-soccer players. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95773. [PMID: 24752193 PMCID: PMC3994134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agility is a determinant component in soccer performance. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of a "Modified Illinois change of direction test" (MICODT) in ninety-five U-14 soccer players. METHODS A total of 95 U-14 soccer players (mean ± SD: age: 13.61 ± 1.04 years; body mass: 30.52 ± 4.54 kg; height: 1.57 ± 0.1 m) from a professional and semi-professional soccer academy, participated to this study. Sixty of them took part in reliability analysis and thirty-two in sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) that aims to assess relative reliability of the MICODT was of 0.99, and its standard error of measurement (SEM) for absolute reliability was <5% (1.24%). The MICODT's capacity to detect change is "good", it's SEM (0.10 s) was ≤ SWC (0.33 s). The MICODT is significantly correlated to the Illinois change of direction speed test (ICODT) (r = 0.77; p<0.0001). The ICODT's MDC95 (0.64 s) was twice about the MICODT's MDC95 (0.28 s), indicating that MICODT presents better ability to detect true changes than ICODT. The MICODT provided good sensitivity since elite U-14 soccer players were better than non-elite one on MICODT (p = 0.005; dz = 1.01 [large]). This was supported by an area under the ROC curve of 0.77 (CI 95%, 0.59 to 0.89, p<0.0008). The difference observed in these two groups in ICODT was not statistically significant (p = 0.14; dz = 0.51 [small]), showing poor discriminant ability. CONCLUSION MICODT can be considered as more suitable protocol for assessing agility performance level than ICODT in U-14 soccer players.
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Schaal M, Ransdell LB, Simonson SR, Gao Y. Physiologic performance test differences in female volleyball athletes by competition level and player position. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 27:1841-50. [PMID: 22990572 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827361c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine physiologic performance test differences by competition level (high school and Division-I collegiate athletes) and player position (hitter, setter, defensive specialist) in 4 volleyball-related tests. A secondary purpose was to establish whether a 150-yd shuttle could be used as a field test to assess anaerobic capacity. Female participants from 4 varsity high school volleyball teams (n = 27) and 2 Division-I collegiate volleyball teams (n = 26) were recruited for the study. Participants completed 4 performance-based field tests (vertical jump, agility T-test, and 150- and 300-yd shuttle runs) after completing a standardized dynamic warm-up. A 2-way multivariate analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc adjustments (when appropriate) and effect sizes were used for the analyses. The most important findings of this study were that (a) college volleyball athletes were older, heavier, and taller than high school athletes; (b) high school athletes had performance deficiencies in vertical jump/lower-body power, agility, and anaerobic fitness; (c) lower-body power was the only statistically significant difference in the performance test measures by player position; and (d) the correlation between the 150- and 300-yd shuttle was moderate (r = 0.488). Female high school volleyball players may enhance their ability to play collegiate volleyball by improving their vertical jump, lower-body power, agility, and anaerobic fitness. Furthermore, all player positions should emphasize lower-body power conditioning. These physical test scores provide baseline performance scores that should help strength and conditioning coaches create programs that will address deficits in female volleyball player performance, especially as they transition from high school to college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Schaal
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.
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Semple S, Esterhuysen C, Grace J. The Effects of Kinesio Ankle Taping on Postural Stability in Semiprofessional Rugby Union Players. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Semple
- Department of Biokinetics and Sports Science, University of Zululand
| | | | - Jeanne Grace
- Department of Biokinetics and Sports Science, University of Zululand
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Detraining Effect of the Post-Season on Selected Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance Variables in National League Rugby Union Players: A Focus on Positional Status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10036-010-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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