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Kirk MM, Dobson JA, Mattock JPM, Coltman CE, Steele JR. Do foot type classifications differ between male and female netball players? A cluster analysis. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38613447 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2339437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We must better understand the foot type classifications of netball players to develop sex and size-specific shoe lasts. Five hundred and two representative-level netball players (n = 251 male; n = 251 female) had their feet three-dimensionally scanned. A validated MATLAB code was used to extract six different foot measurements from these scans automatically. We then used a two-step cluster analysis and chi-squared tests to classify foot types and determine the effect of sex on each cluster, respectively. Five foot types were identified (Extra long-and-wide, Long-and-wide, Flat, Tapered and Short-and-narrow), with sex significantly affecting foot type classification. The feet of players wearing smaller shoe sizes were often Short-and-narrow and Tapered, whereas the feet of players wearing larger sizes tended to be more Extra long-and-wide and Long-and-wide. These results highlight that netball players have a wide variety of foot types; manufacturers should use these data to develop future grading systems to improve the fit and functionality of netball-specific footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison M Kirk
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jessica A Dobson
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Joshua P M Mattock
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Celeste E Coltman
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Kirk MM, Dobson JA, Mattock JPM, Coltman CE, Steele JR. Do the feet of male and female netball players differ in shape? Implications for shoe design. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:483-489. [PMID: 38594899 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2338335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A large proportion of netball players suffer foot-related problems and pain and are dissatisfied with current netball-specific footwear. To improve the fit and functionality of netball-specific shoes, we must understand the shape of these players' feet and determine whether any sex differences exist. Five hundred and two representative-level netball players (n = 251 male; n = 251 female) had their feet three-dimensionally scanned. We then used a validated MATLAB code to automatically extract 10 measurements to characterise each participant's foot shape. Differences between men and women for the absolute values and those normalised to foot length and stature were identified using independent samples t-tests with a Bonferroni adjusted alpha level. The size and shape of male netball players' feet differed significantly from their female counterparts. Males had significantly larger absolute and normalised foot measurements than females, notably at the ball of the foot, heel and instep (p < 0.001). Netball shoe manufacturers should develop unique lasts for each sex and foot size and should offer a more extensive range of shoe lengths and widths to netball players. Such considerations will help optimise shoe fit and comfort and, in turn, reduce foot-related problems and pain associated with ill-fitting footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison M Kirk
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jessica A Dobson
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua P M Mattock
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Celeste E Coltman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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3
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Jo J, Park H. Fit of fire boots: exploring internal morphology using computed tomography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:90-99. [PMID: 37596795 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2247765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Fit of fire boots is a crucial factor in the safety and performance of firefighters on the hostile fireground. Firefighters have reported that ill-fitting fire boots restrict their lower body movement and sometimes cause very dangerous situations by falling off behind the wearer. By using computed tomography, this study demonstrates the potential to quantify and visualize the fit of fire boots, which previously relied on subjective feedback from the wearers. The high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models of two fire boot products allowed a detailed observation and measurement of the internal space of the boots. Also, the boot's internal dimension was compared to the foot measurement of local firefighters, showing the significant differences between the two boots. Lastly, simulation wrapping the 3D scanned foot with the boot revealed large void spaces around the toe box and ankle, as well as the narrower ball width of the boot than the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyeon Jo
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, USA
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Huiju Park
- Department of Human Centered Design, Cornell University, USA
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Allan JJ, Munteanu SE, Bonanno DR, Buldt AK, Choppin S, Bullas A, Pearce N, Menz HB. Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three-dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37106385 PMCID: PMC10134589 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to: (i) review and provide a narrative synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) foot surface scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocols, and (ii) develop a set of recommendations for standardising the reporting of 3D foot scanning approaches. METHODS A systematic search of the SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases were conducted to identify papers reporting 3D foot scanning protocols and analysis techniques. To be included, studies were required to be published in English, have more than ten participants, and involve the use of static 3D surface scans of the foot. Papers were excluded if they reported two-dimensional footprints only, 3D scans that did not include the medial arch, dynamic scans, or derived foot data from a full body scan. RESULTS The search yielded 78 relevant studies from 17 different countries. The available evidence showed a large variation in scanning protocols. The subcategories displaying the most variation included scanner specifications (model, type, accuracy, resolution, capture duration), scanning conditions (markers, weightbearing, number of scans), foot measurements and definitions used, and statistical analysis approaches. A 16-item checklist was developed to improve the consistency of reporting of future 3D scanning studies. CONCLUSION 3D foot scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocol consistency and reporting has been lacking in the literature to date. Improved reporting of the included subcategories could assist in data pooling and facilitate collaboration between researchers. As a result, larger sample sizes and diversification of population groups could be obtained to vastly improve the quantification of foot shape and inform the development of orthotic and footwear interventions and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Allan
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Shannon E Munteanu
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel R Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew K Buldt
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Simon Choppin
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Natalie Pearce
- La Trobe Library, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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5
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Ten questions in sports engineering: technology in elite women’s football. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9667860 DOI: 10.1007/s12283-022-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of technology in football is increasing, although, products predominantly focus on men’s football in performance, safety, comfort, and fit considerations. A recent scoping review identified just 32 published scientific articles on technology in women’s football, despite demands of those playing/working in the women’s game increasing. We wish to highlight the progressions made so far and barriers remaining in the elite women’s football technology to shed a light on this topic and prod researchers and manufacturers to help support the evolution of women’s-football-focussed technological considerations. The ten questions presented in this paper address the generic question on whether women’s specific tailoring is needed (Question 1) as well as addressing specific questions on football technology and engineering, such as the progressions made and ongoing issues in the following areas: football kits, religious considerations (hijab designs), sports bras, football boots, balls, football pitches, performance tracking devices, menstrual cycle tracking devices (Question 2–10). It is evidence that certain areas have received more attention than others and with these ten questions we hope to steer readers towards research and engineering gaps for future work.
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Effect of Sex-Specific Running Shoes on Female Recreational Runners. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in running shoe design have been studied and used in the prevention of injury and enhancement of performance allowing running shoe companies to market to a variety of runners based on skill level, foot-strike pattern, and even sex. These alterations have been shown to affect biomechanical and physiological variables associated with running. Some shoe companies have designed shoes specifically for biological female runners due to the morphological differences found between male and female feet. The purpose of this study is to determine if sex-specific running shoes can alter female runner biomechanics or physiology. Female runners were asked to run in the male and female models of the Altra Torin 4 Plush shoe to determine if there were differences in ground reaction forces (GRFs), sagittal plane joint angles and moments, oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and perceived level of comfort while running; There were no significant differences in GRFs, sagittal joint angles and moments, VO2, RER, or perceived comfort; There were no differences in measured biomechanical or physiological variables between the female and male version of the shoes suggesting that the alterations made to the female-specific shoe do not provide any additional benefit to female recreational runners.
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Jo J, Sokolowski S, McQuerry M, Griffin L, Park H. Firefighters' feet: Differences by sex and weight-bearing. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 102:103753. [PMID: 35344794 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters have reported their protective boots to be bulky and ill-fitting, which they believe restrict the lower body movement on the unpredictable fireground. This study used 3D foot scanning to compare the shape of firefighters' feet to the general population, the shape of female firefighters' feet to males, and the impact of the heavy fire gear on foot shape. The results found the foot breadth of firefighters was larger than the general population and the feet of female firefighters were slimmer than males. Furthermore, it revealed that the feet of firefighters became longer, wider, and flatter when bearing the weight of fire gear. Protective boots should be designed based on the foot shape and dimensions of the actual population, with consideration of sex differences and the impact of weight-bearing for their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyeon Jo
- Cornell University, 255 Human Ecology Building, 37 Forest Home Dr, NY, 14853, Ithaca, USA.
| | | | - Meredith McQuerry
- Florida State University, 236 Shaw Building, 644 West Call Street, FL, 32306, Tallahassee, USA.
| | - Linsey Griffin
- University of Minnesota, 350 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Ave, MN, 55108, St. Paul, USA.
| | - Huiju Park
- Cornell University, 131 Human Ecology Building, 37 Forest Home Dr, NY, 14853, Ithaca, USA.
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Boppana A, Anderson AP. Dynamic foot morphology explained through 4D scanning and shape modeling. J Biomech 2021; 122:110465. [PMID: 33964577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of foot morphology can enable the design of more comfortable and better fitting footwear. However, foot morphology varies widely within the population, and changes dynamically as the foot is loaded during stance. This study presents a parametric statistical shape model from 4D foot scans to capture both the inter- and intra-individual variability in foot morphology. Thirty subjects walked on a treadmill while 4D scans of their right foot were taken at 90 frames-per second during stance phase. Each subject's height, weight, foot length, foot width, arch length, and sex were also recorded. The 4D scans were all registered to a common high-quality foot scan, and a principal component analysis was done on all processed 4D scans. Elastic-net linear regression models were built to predict the principal component scores, which were then inverse transformed into 4D scans. The best performing model was selected with leave-one-out cross-validation. The chosen model predicts foot morphology across stance phase with a root-mean-square error of 5.2 ± 2.0 mm and a mean Hausdorff distance of 25.5 ± 13.4 mm. This study shows that statistical shape modeling can be used to predict dynamic changes in foot morphology across the population. The model can be used to investigate and improve foot-footwear interaction, allowing for better fitting and more comfortable footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishektha Boppana
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.
| | - Allison P Anderson
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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9
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Janson D, Newman ST, Dhokia V. Safety footwear: A survey of end-users. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 92:103333. [PMID: 33359927 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an extensive survey concerning the experience of safety footwear end-users. Safety footwear has been in widespread use across many industries worldwide since the 1970s, and has become an essential part of industrial Personal Protective Equipment. The number of women entering predominantly male industrial environments, and requiring safety footwear is rising, and this is accompanied by anecdotal reports of ill-fitting and uncomfortable footwear. This research proactively compares the opinions of women and men regarding their experience of safety footwear. A systematically designed survey aims to substantiate previously anecdotal knowledge around safety footwear, including key drivers for end-user purchases, wear habits and comfort issues (establishing any differences between women and men). Chi-squared testing was used to assess statistical significance and ensure robustness of findings. The responses and resulting analysis confirmed that comfort and fit were key drivers for all end users; women and men have different wear habits (women wear their safety footwear less frequently and for shorter periods of time than men - likely due to the reported comfort issues); a significant proportion of women (60%) found their safety footwear less comfortable than their regular footwear, however, 45% of men also reported the same, which has not been reported anecdotally. In general, the users of safety footwear accepted a level of discomfort in at least one area of the foot before deeming footwear 'uncomfortable'. The significant analysis performed on the captured data has, to the authors knowledge, never before been undertaken for this breadth of industry, age and gender with 632 responses received. This makes it the largest study of this field to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Janson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - S T Newman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - V Dhokia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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10
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Husain E, Angioi M, Mehta R, Barnett DN, Okholm Kryger K. A systematic review of plantar pressure values obtained from male and female football and the test methodologies applied. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1791977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Husain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Angioi
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ritan Mehta
- The English Football Association, St. George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
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11
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Analysis of 1.2 million foot scans from North America, Europe and Asia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19155. [PMID: 31844106 PMCID: PMC6914786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, footwear brands have developed products using outdated methods and measurements, working with limited insight into the foot shapes and dimensions of their target customers. The integration of 3D scanning technology into footwear retail stores has made it possible for this research to analyze a database containing a large number of male and female 3D foot scans collected across North America, Europe, and Asia. Foot scans were classified into length classes with 5mm length increments; mean width, instep height, and heel width were calculated for each length class. This study confirms the existence of many statistically significant differences in mean foot measurements amongst the regions and between the sexes, and a large dispersion of foot measurements within each group of customers. Therefore, shoes should be developed separately for each group, region, and sex, and at least 3 shoe widths per length class are required to provide a proper fit for 90% of customers. Beyond this, our analysis asserts that a shoe designed for a single group will fit a different segment of the population in another group, and that existing last grading tables should be updated to reflect the foot dimensions of current consumers.
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12
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Grau S, Barisch-Fritz B. Improvement of safety shoe fit - evaluation of dynamic foot structure. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1529062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grau
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Barisch-Fritz
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wannop JW, Stefanyshyn DJ, Anderson RB, Coughlin MJ, Kent R. Development of a Footwear Sizing System in the National Football League. Sports Health 2018; 11:40-46. [PMID: 30048212 PMCID: PMC6299345 DOI: 10.1177/1941738118789402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Footwear performance and injury mitigation may be compromised if the footwear
is not properly sized for an athlete. Additionally, poor fit may result in
discomfort and foot injury such as fifth metatarsal stress fracture, foot
deformities, turf toe, and blisters. Current footwear fitting methods
consist of foot length and width measurements, which may not properly
describe the shape of the individual foot, correlated with shoe size
descriptors that are not standardized. Footwear manufacturers employ a range
of sizing rubrics, which introduces shoe size and shape variability between
and even within footwear companies. This article describes the synthesis of
literature to inform the development and deployment of an objective footwear
fitting system in the National Football League (NFL). The process may inform
athletic footwear fitting at other levels of play and in other sports. Evidence Acquisition: Literature related to footwear fitting, sizing, and foot scanning from 1980
through 2017 was compiled using electronic databases. Reference lists of
articles were examined for additional relevant studies. Sixty-five sources
are included in this descriptive review. Study Type: Descriptive review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: Current methods of footwear fitting and variability in the size and shape of
athletic footwear complicate proper fitting of footwear to athletes. An
objective measurement and recommendation system that can match the
3-dimensional shape of an athlete’s foot to the internal shape of available
shoe models can provide important guidance for footwear selection. One such
system has been deployed in the NFL. Conclusion: An objective footwear fitting system based on 3-dimensional shape matching of
feet and shoes can facilitate the selection of footwear that properly fits
an athlete’s foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wannop
- Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Richard Kent
- Biomechanics Consulting and Research (Biocore), Charlottesville, Virginia.,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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14
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Page AE. Gendered Innovations in Orthopaedic Science: Standing on the Shoulders of iGIANTs. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:1786-1788. [PMID: 28470377 PMCID: PMC5449345 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Page
- Musculoskeletal Health Care Solutions, 3750 Convoy Street, Suite 116, La Jolla, CA 92111 USA
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15
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Hettigama IS, Punchihewa HKG, Heenkenda NK. Ergonomic footwear for Sri Lankan primary schoolchildren: A review of the literature. Work 2017; 55:285-295. [PMID: 27689598 DOI: 10.3233/wor-162415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot ailments are common among schoolchildren, some of which may be attributed to wearing ill-fitting footwear. As schoolchildren often participate in athletic activity, they are doubly vulnerable to foot ailments, and are particularly vulnerable to conditions such as hallux valgus, Achilles tendonitis, athlete's foot, corns and calluses. Thus, there is an acute need for the design and manufacture of ergonomic footwear for this target group. While research on appropriate footwear for children has been carried out in relation to child populations in other societies, research on the circumstances of Sri Lankan schoolchildren is lacking. Neither the requisite design know-how nor the information for design is available to footwear manufacturers. OBJECTIVES This review of the literature is aimed at confirming the need for ergonomic footwear from the point of view of the effects of wearing ill-fitting shoes and at identifying the requirements in terms of design information, especially for schoolchildren of the age group five to ten years, to empower footwear manufacturers. METHODS PubMed, Google scholar and Science Direct were used for the literature search. RESULTS 208 publications were read in full, 94 of which are referenced in this review. CONCLUSION The review shows morphological measurements, behavior and activity patterns of schoolchildren and environmental conditions they are exposed to should be determined to formulate design information.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Hettigama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - H K G Punchihewa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - N K Heenkenda
- Department of Textile and Clothing Technology, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Western Province, Sri Lanka
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16
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Kulessa DJ, Gollhofer A, Gehring D. The influence of football shoe characteristics on athletic performance and injury risk – a review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1284273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Price C, Nester C. Is retail footwear fit for purpose for the feet of adults who are obese? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2016.1175517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Price C, Nester C. Foot dimensions and morphology in healthy weight, overweight and obese males. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2016; 37:125-130. [PMID: 27439025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are increasing in prevalence. However, despite reports of poor foot health, the influence of obesity and overweight on adult foot morphology has received limited attention. The objective of this work is to accurately and appropriately quantify the foot morphology of adults who are overweight and obese. METHODS The foot morphology of 23 healthy weight (BMI=22.9kg.m(-2)), overweight (27.5kg.m(-2)) and obese (32.9kg.m(-2)) age (60years) matched males was quantified using a 3D scanner (all size UK 9). Data analysis computed normalised (to foot length) standard anatomical measures, and widths, heights and circumferences of 31 evenly spaced cross-sections of right feet. FINDINGS Anatomical measures of foot, ball and heel width, ball and heel circumference and ball height were all greater in the obese group than the healthy weight (P<0.05). Cross-sectional measures were significantly wider than the healthy group for the majority of measures from 14 to 67% (P=0.025-1.000) of heel-to-toe length. Also, the obese group had significantly higher midfoot regions (P=0.024-0.025). This increased foot height was not evident from anatomical measures, which were not sensitive enough to detect dimensional differences in this foot region. INTERPRETATION Feet of obese adults differ from healthy and overweight individuals, notably they are wider. Data needs to avoid reliance upon discrete anatomical landmarks to describe foot morphology. In the obese, changes in foot shape do not coincide with traditional anatomical landmarks and more comprehensive foot shape data are required to inform footwear design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Price
- Centre for Health Science Research, University of Salford, Salford, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher Nester
- Centre for Health Science Research, University of Salford, Salford, England, United Kingdom
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Gender and age related differences in foot morphology. Maturitas 2014; 79:421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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van der Zwaard BC, Vanwanseele B, Holtkamp F, van der Horst HE, Elders PJ, Menz HB. Variation in the location of the shoe sole flexion point influences plantar loading patterns during gait. J Foot Ankle Res 2014; 7:20. [PMID: 24642291 PMCID: PMC3994544 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several footwear design characteristics are known to have detrimental effects on the foot. However, one characteristic that has received relatively little attention is the point where the sole flexes in the sagittal plane. Several footwear assessment forms assume that this should ideally be located directly under the metarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs), but this has not been directly evaluated. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the influence on plantar loading of different locations of the shoe sole flexion point. Method Twenty-one asymptomatic females with normal foot posture participated. Standardised shoes were incised directly underneath the metatarsophalangeal joints, proximal to the MTPJs or underneath the midfoot. The participants walked in a randomised sequence of the three shoes whilst plantar loading patterns were obtained using the Pedar® in-shoe pressure measurement system. The foot was divided into nine anatomically important masks, and peak pressure (PP), contact time (CT) and pressure time integral (PTI) were determined. A ratio of PP and PTI between MTPJ2-3/MTPJ1 was also calculated. Results Wearing the shoe with the sole flexion point located proximal to the MTPJs resulted in increased PP under MTPJ 4–5 (6.2%) and decreased PP under the medial midfoot compared to the sub-MTPJ flexion point (−8.4%). Wearing the shoe with the sole flexion point located under the midfoot resulted in decreased PP, CT and PTI in the medial and lateral hindfoot (PP: −4.2% and −5.1%, CT: −3.4% and −6.6%, PTI: −6.9% and −5.7%) and medial midfoot (PP: −5.9% CT: −2.9% PTI: −12.2%) compared to the other two shoes. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that the location of the sole flexion point of the shoe influences plantar loading patterns during gait. Specifically, shoes with a sole flexion point located under the midfoot significantly decrease the magnitude and duration of loading under the midfoot and hindfoot, which may be indicative of an earlier heel lift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette C van der Zwaard
- EMGO + Institute for health and care research, department of general practice and elderly care medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fritz B, Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, Hein T, Grau S. Anthropometric influences on dynamic foot shape: Measurements of plantar three-dimensional foot deformation. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2013.789559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
One important extrinsic factor that causes foot deformity and pain in women is footwear. Women's sports shoes are designed as smaller versions of men's shoes. Based on this, the current study aims to identify foot shape in 1,236 Chinese young adult men and 1,085 Chinese young adult women. Three-dimensional foot shape data were collected through video filming. Nineteen foot shape variables were measured, including girth (4 variables), length (4 variables), width (3 variables), height (7 variables), and angle (1 variable). A comparison of foot measures within the range of the common foot length (FL) categories indicates that women showed significantly smaller values of foot measures in width, height, and girth than men. Three foot types were classified, and distributions of different foot shapes within the same FL were found between women and men. Foot width, medial ball length, ball angle, and instep height showed significant differences among foot types in the same FL for both genders. There were differences in the foot shape between Chinese young women and men, which should be considered in the design of Chinese young adults' sports shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Hong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Hennig EM. The Influence of Soccer Shoe Design on Player Performance and Injuries. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:186-201. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.582823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewald M. Hennig
- a Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Sport and Movement Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
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Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, Fritz B, Aswendt P, Grau S. 3D dynamic behaviour of foot structure may provide additional information for last design. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.575866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schmeltzpfenning
- a University of Tuebingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | - Clemens Plank
- a University of Tuebingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | - Bettina Fritz
- a University of Tuebingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grau
- a University of Tuebingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
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Hein T, Janssen P, Wagner-Fritz U, Grau S. The influence of footwear and ankle kinematics on the development of overuse injuries in runners. A prospective study. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.575824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hein
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Silcherstraße 5 , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | - Pia Janssen
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Silcherstraße 5 , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | - Ursula Wagner-Fritz
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Silcherstraße 5 , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
| | - Stefan Grau
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , Silcherstraße 5 , Tübingen , 72076 Germany
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Krauss I, Langbein C, Horstmann T, Grau S. Sex-related differences in foot shape of adult Caucasians--a follow-up study focusing on long and short feet. ERGONOMICS 2011; 54:294-300. [PMID: 21390959 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.547605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The study's purpose was to substantiate findings on sex-related differences in foot morphology focusing on fringe sizes. Altogether, 287 Caucasian adults with long or short feet were scanned. Data were analysed together with data from 847 subjects from a previous study with comparable inclusion criteria and anthropometric data by: (1)comparing absolute measures within 237-277 mm foot length (FL); (2) comparing averaged measures across sizes in % of foot length for 203-323 mm FL; (3) reclassifying the additional subjects into a previously defined foot type classification. Male feet were wider and higher for the same FL. Averaged across sizes, no relevant differences between sexes were found for widths and heights. Slender or flat-pointed foot types were more common in longer feet, shorter feet tended to be bigger. Definitions for 'long' and 'short' are sex-related with an offset of three shoe sizes (EU). Results of this follow-up study on long and short feet can substantiate previous findings mainly described for the most common sizes. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: Improper footwear can cause pain and injury and proper fit is a major criterion for shoe buyers. Knowledge about sex-related differences in foot shape is important for shoe design. This study supplements the field of knowledge for very small and large feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krauss
- Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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Hagen M, Hömme AK, Umlauf T, Hennig EM. Effects of Different Shoe-Lacing Patterns on Dorsal Pressure Distribution During Running and Perceived Comfort. Res Sports Med 2010; 18:176-87. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2010.490180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hagen
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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