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Coyne LM, Newell M, Hoozemans MJM, Morrison A, Brown SJ. Marker location and knee joint constraint affect the reporting of overhead squat kinematics in elite youth football players. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:740-757. [PMID: 33666149 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1890197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Motion capture systems are used in the analysis and interpretation of athlete movement patterns for a variety of reasons, but data integrity remains critical regardless. The extent to which marker location or constraining degrees of freedom (DOF) in the biomechanical model impacts on this integrity lacks consensus. Ten elite academy footballers performed bilateral overhead squats using a marker-based motion capture system. Kinematic data were calculated using four different marker sets with 3DOF and 6DOF configurations for the three joint rotations of the right knee. Root mean squared error differences between marker sets ranged in the sagittal plane between 1.02 and 4.19 degrees to larger values in the frontal (1.30-6.39 degrees) and transverse planes (1.33 and 7.97 degrees). The cross-correlation function of the knee kinematic time series for all eight marker-sets ranged from excellent for sagittal plane motion (>0.99) but reduced for both coronal and transverse planes (<0.9). Two-way ANOVA repeated measures calculated at peak knee flexion revealed significant differences between marker sets for frontal and transverse planes (p < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences between some marker sets. Marker location and constraining DOF while measuring relatively large ranges of motion in this population are important considerations for data integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Coyne
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Arsenal Performance & Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
- Insight, Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Micheál Newell
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marco J M Hoozemans
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Morrison
- Cambridge Centre for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan J Brown
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, UK
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2
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Śliwowski R, Paillard T, Bojkowski Ł, Dudziński W, Patek M, Marynowicz J. Intra- and inter-limb strength imbalance and asymmetry in soccer: A comparison of elite senior and junior players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302474. [PMID: 38669272 PMCID: PMC11051617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of muscle strength imbalance can be an important element in optimizing the training process of soccer players. The purpose of the study was to examine isokinetic peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) exerted by both knee extensors (quadriceps or Q) and flexors (hamstrings or H), intra-limb imbalance and the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetry in top elite senior (n = 109) and junior (n = 74) soccer players. An isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure maximum peak torque of quadriceps (PT-Q) and hamstrings (PT-H) at an angular velocity of 60° ·s-1, as well as the total work for extensors (TW-Q) and flexors (TW-H) at an angular velocity of 240° ·s-1 in the dominant (DL) and non-dominant leg (NDL) during concentric muscle contraction. Intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetries were calculated using a standard equation. Statistical analysis using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test revealed: (a) no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for PT-Q and PT-H, (b) greater strength levels (p < 0.05) for TW-Q and TW-H of senior players than juniors, and (c) no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetry. Additionally, Pearson's chi-kwadrat (χ2) analysis showed no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetry in relation to the 'normative' values accepted in the literature that indicate an increase in the risk of knee injury. This study shows that isokinetic assessment can be an important tool to identify imbalances/asymmetries and to develop strategies to reduce the risk of muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Śliwowski
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thierry Paillard
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, MEPS Laboratory, Tarbes, France
| | - Łukasz Bojkowski
- Department of Psychology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Witold Dudziński
- Rehasport Clinic FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Patek
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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3
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Sampaio T, Marinho D, Teixeira JE, Oliveira J, Morais J. Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: understanding the field position factor. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15609. [PMID: 37483964 PMCID: PMC10362840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to cluster U-14 Portuguese regional team football players based on variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction. Method The sample consisted of 22 young male soccer players (13.83 ± 0.44 years). A set of variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction was measured. Results Overall, a non-significant field position was observed. The countermovement jump (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.73), squat jump (p < 0.001), and 30 m linear sprint (p = 0.001) were the main variables responsible for establishing the clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by a high slalom, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction) and a low composite score in the dynamic balance. Cluster 2 was characterized by high squat jump, countermovement jump, and reactive strength ratio (lower limb strength and power). Cluster 3 was characterized by low squat jump and countermovement jump (lower limb strength and power), and a high 30 m sprint, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction). Based on the results of the territorial map, the clusters consisted of: (i) cluster 1: two forwards, one midfielder, and five defenders; (ii) cluster 2: three forwards, two midfielders, and two defenders, and; (iii) cluster 3: four midfielders and three defenders. Conclusions Players from different field positions composed the three clusters. There was no cluster composed exclusively of players of the same field position. The development of individualized and specific enrichment training programs should consider a cluster analysis, as the positional effect can be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sampaio
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Teixeira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morais
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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4
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Soares ALA, Carvalho HM. Burnout and dropout associated with talent development in youth sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1190453. [PMID: 37334016 PMCID: PMC10272455 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1190453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
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Zhou X, Luo A, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zha Y, Wang S, Ashton C, Andamasaris JE, Wang H, Wang Q. The Effect of FIFA 11+ on the Isometric Strength and Running Ability of Young Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13186. [PMID: 36293765 PMCID: PMC9603440 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soccer is the world's game, and keeping athletes healthy while playing the game has often been a focus of study. There is a high occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries reported in soccer. FIFA 11+ was developed as an intervention to help prevent such injuries. FIFA 11+ has previously been studied for its efficacy as an injury prevention program, but not for its effect on sports performance in an adolescent population. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of implementing the FIFA 11+ intervention on strength, speed, and agility. Twenty youth soccer players were randomly divided into an intervention group (INT) and a control group (CON). The intervention lasted for eight weeks and performance assessments were completed pre- and post-intervention. Post-test INT knee flexor strength was significantly higher than pre-test scores (p < 0.05). INT also demonstrated significantly higher hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q) after the intervention (p < 0.05), while the CON H/Q did not change significantly. 30-m sprint performance of both groups improved from pre- to post-test (p < 0.05). Shuttle run performance was significantly improved in post-test scores for INT players (p < 0.05), but did not change significantly for the CON players. It is suggested that implementing FIFA 11+ before training in young soccer players can lead to performance benefits as well as injury prevention benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine and Health, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anmin Luo
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Haidian Experimental High School, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Zha
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Caroline Ashton
- School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | | | - Henry Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Qirong Wang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Moreno-Pérez V, Rodas G, Peñaranda-Moraga M, López-Samanes Á, Romero-Rodríguez D, Aagaard P, Del Coso J. Effects of Football Training and Match-Play on Hamstring Muscle Strength and Passive Hip and Ankle Range of Motion during the Competitive Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052897. [PMID: 35270589 PMCID: PMC8909953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in hamstring muscle strength and in hip range of motion (ROM) have been considered risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries. However, there is a lack of information on how chronic exposure to regular football training affects hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal effect of football training and competition during a complete season on hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM in football players. A total of 26 semi-professional football players underwent measurements of isometric hamstring muscle strength and passive hip flexion/extension, and internal/external hip rotation (IR/ER) ROM during the football season (pre-season, mid-season, end-season). Compared to pre-season, hamstring muscle strength increased in the dominant (+11.1%, p = 0.002) and non-dominant (+10.5%, p = 0.014) limbs in the mid-season. Compared to mid-season, hamstring strength decreased in the dominant (−9.3%, p = 0.034) limb at end-season. Compared to the pre-season, hip extension ROM decreased in mid-season in the dominant (−31.7%, p = 0.007) and non-dominant (−44.1%, p = 0.004) limbs, and further decreased at end-season (−49.0%, p = 0.006 and −68.0%, p < 0.001) for the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Interlimb asymmetry for hip IR ROM increased by 57.8% (p < 0.002) from pre-season to mid-season. In summary, while hamstring muscle strength increased during the first half of the football season in football players, a progressive reduction in hip extension ROM was observed throughout the season. The reduced hip extension ROM suggests a reduced mobility of the hip flexors, e.g., iliopsoas, produced by the continuous practice of football. Consequently, hip-specific stretching and conditioning exercises programs should be implemented during the football season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain;
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ferreira IC, Souza MA, Júnior MA, Silveira-Nunes G, Barbosa MA, Barbosa AC. Validity of a portable hanging scale to assess the isometric muscle strength during knee movement. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 28:433-438. [PMID: 34776175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inexpensive and practical equipment to assess muscle strength can disseminate objective measures, which can provide valid information to implement effective treatment and exercise training. The purpose of the study was to examine the instrumental validity of the hanging scale (HS) to assess the muscle strength during knee flexion and extension by comparing the peak force values to a standard equipment (laboratory-grade load cell [LLC]). Knee isometric strength was assessed on thirty-two subjects (16 women and 16 men, 22 [5] years, 171 [9] cm, 69 [15] kg, 23 [4] kg/m2). The knee flexion was tested by placing the volunteer's body in prone with the knee flexed at 90°. Knee extension was assessed with the volunteer seated on a chair with the feet resting on the floor, knees, and hips flexed at 90°. No differences were observed comparing the isometric peak forces between a laboratory-grade load cell and a HS (p > 0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)1,1 returned values above 0.90. The Cronbach's α test also returned values above 0.90 for all comparisons. Bland-Altman results showed high levels of agreement with low risk of bias. The HS appears to be a valid method to assess the knee isometric strength. The portability, the cost-effectiveness and the simple user-friendly system provides an effective way to assess the knee isometric strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Almeida Souza
- Musculoskeletal Group Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Macquiden Amorim Júnior
- Musculoskeletal Group Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Musculoskeletal Group Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Michelle Almeida Barbosa
- Musculoskeletal Group Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Carvalho Barbosa
- Musculoskeletal Group Research, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
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Hamstring and Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Youth to Senior Elite Soccer: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 125 Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1538-1544. [PMID: 33887700 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing age, high quadriceps strength, and low hamstring muscle strength are associated with hamstring strain injury in soccer. The authors investigated the age-related variation in maximal hamstring and quadriceps strength in male elite soccer players from under-13 (U-13) to the senior level. METHODS A total of 125 elite soccer players were included from a Danish professional soccer club and associated youth academy (first tier; U-13, n = 19; U-14, n = 16; U-15, n = 19; U-17, n = 24; U-19, n = 17; and senior, n = 30). Maximal voluntary isometric force was assessed for the hamstrings at 15° knee joint angle and for the quadriceps at 60° knee joint angle (0° = full extension) using an external-fixated handheld dynamometer. Hamstring-to-quadriceps strength (H:Q) ratio and hamstring and quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric force levels were compared across age groups (U-13 to senior). RESULTS Senior players showed 18% to 26% lower H:Q ratio compared with all younger age groups (P ≤ .026). Specific H:Q ratios (mean [95% confidence interval]) were as follows: senior, 0.45 (0.42-0.48); U-19, 0.61 (0.55-0.66); U-17, 0.56 (0.51-0.60); U-15, 0.59 (0.54-0.64); U-14, 0.54 (0.50-0.59); and U-13, 0.57 (0.51-0.62). Hamstring strength increased from U-13 to U-19 with a significant drop from U-19 to the senior level (P = .048), whereas quadriceps strength increased gradually from U-13 to senior level. CONCLUSION Elite senior soccer players demonstrate lower H:Q ratio compared with youth players, which is driven by lower hamstring strength at the senior level compared with the U-19 level combined with a higher quadriceps strength. This discrepancy in hamstring and quadriceps strength capacity may place senior-level players at increased risk of hamstring muscle strain injuries.
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Nevot-Casas O, Pujol-Marzo M, Moreno-Planes B, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A. Neuromuscular fatigue effects on Hamstring to Quadriceps Ratio in young female players. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Brow CC, Bakhshi A, Wrigely R, Unnithan VB. The influence of a soccer season on non-contact injury and isokinetic peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings in professional youth soccer players. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:240-253. [PMID: 32631092 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1771336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Isokinetic strength screening is utilized in professional soccer. However, there has been little research on the interaction between seasonal changes in players' peak torque (PT) and injury incidence. Twenty-five (age 16.5±0.68 years) professional youth soccer players participated in the study. Bilateral isokinetic concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) testing of Quadriceps (Q) and Hamstrings (H) were conducted at three time-points across the season. Absolute CON and ECC PT were measured at 60 degree/sec and in a supine 170-degree position. Testing data was normalized to body mass. A mixed design (2 by 3) repeated measures ANOVA with injury as a co-variate was conducted to evaluate the effect of season and/or limb dominance on PT and injury incidence. With regard to the seasonal variation and injury incidence, an interaction was identified with respect to non-dominant limb (NDL) QCON (p = 0.01) and to a lesser extent the dominant limb (DL) QCON (p = 0.05). The seasonal variation of the PT of the NDL QCON was different between the injured and non-injured individuals. Non-injured individuals, QCON strength increased over the course of the season. While for the Injured players, QCON declined from pre-season to mid-season then increased but never recovered to starting pre-season values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Charles Brow
- Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andisheh Bakhshi
- Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Russ Wrigely
- Department of Sports Medicine, Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Lancashire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Univ West Scotland, Life Sciences, Paisley, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Burrows AP, Cleather D, Mahaffey R, Cimadoro G. Kinetic and Electromyographic Responses to Traditional and Assisted Nordic Hamstring Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2715-2724. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Kellis E, Sahinis C, Dafkou K, Ellinoudis A, Galanis N. Hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio and cross-sectional area of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles assessed using extended field-of-view ultrasonography. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:25-42. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1770250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafkou
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Ellinoudis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Galanis
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
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Andrade MS, Junqueira MS, Andre Barbosa De Lira C, Vancini RL, Seffrin A, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Age-related differences in torque in angle-specific and peak torque hamstring to quadriceps ratios in female soccer players from 11 to 18 years old: Α Cross-sectional study. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:77-89. [PMID: 32200660 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1742713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the hamstring (H) and quadriceps (Q) strength, bilateral difference and balance ratios in female soccer players. Ninety-three athletes from three age groups: under 13 (U13), 15 (U15) and 18 (U18) participated in the study performing isokinetic tests to measure peak torque, total work, average power and torque at 30º of thigh muscles. Conventional strength balance ratios, angle-specific balance ratio and bilateral strength difference were evaluated. There was bilateral strength difference for extensor muscles total work (p = 0.02) in U13 and flexor muscles peak torque (p = 0.02) in U15. All variables were superior in U15 than U13 (p <.05). There was no strength difference between U15 and U18. Balance ratios did not differ between sides or age groups. The study showed that although peak torque values were higher in U15 than in U13, balance ratios were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia S Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina S Junqueira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimen to Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física E Dança, Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Park JH, Kim HJ, Choi DH, Park S, Hwang YY. Effects of 8-week Pilates training program on hamstring/quadriceps ratio and trunk strength in adolescent baseball players: a pilot case study. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:88-95. [PMID: 32161739 PMCID: PMC7056474 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938732.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot case study is to investigate the effects of Pilates training on hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk strength, shoulder strength, and body composition in adolescent baseball players. Eight adolescent baseball players, 15 years of age, participated in Pilates program (supervised training, 50 min per session for three times a week for 8 weeks) using reformer and Cadillac. The intensity of the program was progressively increased by applying beginner level for 1–2 weeks, intermediate level for 3–6 weeks, and advance level for 7–8 weeks. To verify the effect of the Pilates program on hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk strength, shoulder strength and body composition, participants performed bioelectrical impedance analysis and isokinetic testing at pre- and posttraining. After the Pilates training, there were significant increases in body weight (P<0.01), left arm muscle mass (P<0.01), and trunk muscle mass (P<0.01). In addition, there were significant increases in left and right knee flexion peak torque (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), right knee extension peak torque (P<0.05), left and right hamstring/quadriceps ratio (both P<0.01), trunk flexion peak torque (P<0.05) and shoulder flexion peak torque (P<0.05) after 8 weeks of training. Therefore, Pilates training increased muscle mass, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, trunk and shoulder strength, suggesting that it may help baseball players do better performance and prevent future injuries in adolescent players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Park
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Nutrition, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Kim
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Nutrition, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Choi
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sok Park
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Nutrition, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Hwang
- Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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16
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Soares ALA, Kós LD, Paes RR, Nascimento JV, Collins D, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM. Determinants of drop-out in youth basketball: an interdisciplinary approach. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:84-98. [PMID: 30835570 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1586708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using an interdisciplinary approach, we examined the baseline variation in biological maturity status, training experience, body size, functional capacities (Line Drill test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test) and motivation for achievement, competitiveness and deliberate practice of youth basketball players according to their participation status in the sport two years after assessment. Fifty-seven players were considered (10.5 to 15.5 years). Two years later we ascertained whether players discontinued participation (dropout), or remained playing engaged within a structured basketball training program. Taller adolescent players were more likely to be selected/promoted in youth basketball regardless of their lower functional capacity. Achievement and competitiveness motivation (will to excel and competitiveness) were related to dropping out or persisting in this sample of youth basketball players. Overall, there is a need to consider the interaction between physical growth, biological maturation, functional capacities and behavioural characteristics, specifically among players on the path to sport expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L A Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luísa D Kós
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- Faculty Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juarez V Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Dave Collins
- Institute for Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Carlos E Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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17
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Kundert AML, Di Gangi S, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Jumping and throwing performance in the World Masters' Athletic Championships 1975-2016. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:374-411. [PMID: 30318929 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1528975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Participation and performance of elite age group athletes from 35-39 to 95-99 years competing in World Masters Athletics (WMA) Championships 1975-2016 were examined for throwing (discus, hammer, javelin and shot put) and jumping (high jump, long jump, pole vault and triple jump) events. Overall, 21,723 observations from 8,974 master athletes were analysed. A mixed regression model with sex, age group, calendar year and interactions terms (sex-age group; sex-year) defined as fixed effects was performed for each event separately. Performances over time were increasing overall for each event, with a cubic trend. Compared with women, men had better performances (e.g. in triple jump the estimated difference was 3.378 meters, p < 0.001). However, women improved their performance more than men across calendar years. Performances declined with age for each event (e.g. in triple jump, compared with age group 45-49 years, performance in age group 35-39 years was 1.041 meter better and in age group 85-89 years was 5.342 meter worse). In summary, performance in jumping and throwing events of WMA Championships improved across calendar years, whereas the decline of performance with age was dependent on sex and event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Di Gangi
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen , Switzerland
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18
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Rhodes D, McNaughton L, Greig M. The temporal pattern of recovery in eccentric hamstring strength post-soccer specific fatigue. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:339-350. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1523168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rhodes
- Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England
| | - Lars McNaughton
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, England
| | - Matt Greig
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, England
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