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Guo K, Qian H, Zhao D, Ye J, Zhang Y, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Liu W, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X. Indoor exposure levels of bacteria and fungi in residences, schools, and offices in China: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1147-1165. [PMID: 32845998 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbes in buildings have attracted extensive attention from both the research community and the general public due to their close relationship with human health. However, there still lacks comprehensive information on the indoor exposure level of microbes in China. This study systematically reviews exposure levels, the community structures, and the impact factors of airborne bacteria and fungi in residences, schools, and offices in China. We reviewed the major literature databases between 1980 and 2019 and selected 55 original studies based on a set of criteria. Results show that the concentration of indoor bacteria varies from 72.5 to 7500 CFU/m3 , with a median value of 1000 CFU/m3 , and the concentration of fungi varies from 12 to 9730 CFU/m3 , with a median value of 526 CFU/m3 . The concentration level of microbes varies in different climate zones, with higher bacterial concentrations in the severe cold zone, and higher fungal concentrations in the hot summer and warm winter zone. Among different buildings, classrooms have the highest average bacteria and fungi levels. This review reveals that a unified assessment system based on health effects is needed for evaluating the exposure levels of bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqi Guo
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of BEEE, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongliang Zhao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of BEEE, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of BEEE, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Awad AHA, Gibbs SG, Tarwater PM, Green CF. Coarse and fine culturable fungal air concentrations in urban and rural homes in Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:936-49. [PMID: 23466829 PMCID: PMC3709295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to assess culturable airborne fungal concentrations, and types in different seasons. Two-stage viable impactor samplers were used with malt extract agar medium as the collection media. Culturable airborne fungal concentrations were collected indoors and outdoors of 43 homes in urban and rural environments from November 2008 to October 2009 in Egypt. Fungal concentrations were significantly higher in the rural environment than the urban environment. The median indoor and outdoor total fungal concentrations were 608 and 675 CFU/m3 in the urban environment and 1,932 and 1,872 CFU/m3 in the rural environment, respectively. The greatest concentrations were found in the autumn and spring season. Indoor and outdoor concentrations were significantly correlated (P < 0.001). The highest concentrations were observed in the fungal size range of <8 µm (fine fraction). The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios were not statistically different between seasons. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium and yeasts were the predominant genera indoors and outdoors, and the abundance of genera varied by season and region. This study is of a potential interest as little reported research on the indoor fungal air quality from Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Hameed A. Awad
- Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Giza 11787, Egypt; E-Mail:
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarramah, 21421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawn G. Gibbs
- College of Public Health, Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984355 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Patrick M. Tarwater
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Christopher F. Green
- Science, Math and Engineering Division, University of Cincinnati Clermont College, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; E-Mail:
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