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Le Daré B, Pelletier R, Couette A, Morel I, Gicquel T. Magic truffle intoxication: A case report. EMERGENCY CARE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4081/ecj.2022.10347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual forms of hallucinogenic mushrooms are emerging, which may delay diagnosis and compromise optimal management. Here, we discuss clinical and biological findings in a case of “magic mushroom” intoxication in a 20-year-old man who was brought to hospital emergency department in a state of euphoria, disorientation, intense visual hallucinations, episodic amnesia and agitation requiring physical restraint. The patient’s family brought intact specimens of the consumed product, without any health professional being able to identify it. Toxicological screening detected psilocin in urine and in the unknown mushrooms, allowing guiding the mushroom identification towards the Psilocybes genus. Ten hours post-ingestion, the patient was discharged asymptomatic. We believe that recognition of the unusual form of hallucinogenic mushroom presented here by emergency physicians might contribute to better diagnosis and subsequent optimal management, especially since hallucinogenic substances are not routinely tested in toxicological analyses.
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Sobanski E, Dalm S, Sievers L, Külzer T, Liesenfeld H, Schmidt-Kittler H, Huss M. Herbal High: Substance-Induced Psychosis after Consumption of Seeds of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2021; 49:307-311. [PMID: 33661700 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Seeds of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (HBWR, Argyreia nervosa) are known as "legal or herbal highs" and can be easily purchased online in Germany. They contain various ergot alkaloids, including lysergic acid amide (LSA), which is chemically related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Pharmacological data are limited but suggest that LSA-concentration in HBWR seeds is highly variable, and that adverse psychiatric and somatic effects are not related to LSA-dosage. Anecdotal, mostly cross-sectional clinical case reports describe spontaneous remission of intoxication-related somatic and psychiatric symptoms as well as intoxication-related death. Treatment recommendations for LSA-induced psychiatric syndromes are not available. We report here on the clinical course and treatment of a drug-induced psychosis after consumption of HBWR seeds. The adolescent had consumed HBWR seeds once before without suffering any negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sobanski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Saskia Dalm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Sievers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Külzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz Liesenfeld
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Halgard Schmidt-Kittler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Rheinhessen Clinics, Mainz, Germany
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Kolaczynska KE, Liechti ME, Duthaler U. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin’s main metabolites, psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1164:122486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dhanasekaran D, Latha S, Suganya P, Panneerselvam A, Senthil Kumar T, Alharbi NS, Arunachalam C, Alharbi SA, Thajuddin N. Taxonomic identification and bioactive compounds characterization of Psilocybe cubensis DPT1 to probe its antibacterial and mosquito larvicidal competency. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104138. [PMID: 32173495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms have an important role in sustainability since they have long been used as valuable food source and traditional medicine around the world. Regrettably, they are among the most rigorously affected populations, along with several plants and animals, due to the destructive activities of mankind. Thus the authentication and conservation of mushroom species are constantly needed to exploit the remarkable potential in them. In this perspective, an attempt has been made to identify and assess the biological attributes of psychedelic mushrooms collected from Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. The macromorphological features of the psychedelic mushroom DPT1 helped its presumptive identification and the molecular characters depicted by DNA marker revealed its close relationship with the genus Psilocybe. Accordingly, the psychedelic mushroom was identified as Psilocybe cubensis DPT1 and its crude ethyl acetate extract on analysis revealed the occurrence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates. Moreover, it exhibited 80% larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito at 800 ppm concentration and an array of antibacterial effects with utmost susceptibility of Proteus vulgaris, and the identification of bioactive compounds by different analytical techniques substantiate that the bioactivities might be due to the presence of phytochemicals. The results of the study indicated that the extract of P. cubensis DPT1 having notable antibacterial and mosquito larvicidal efficacies which could be probed further for the isolation of medicinally important as well as bio-control compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharumadhurai Dhanasekaran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Selvanathan Latha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Packkrisamy Suganya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Panneerselvam
- P.G. and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, 613 503, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chinnathambi Arunachalam
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nooruddin Thajuddin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Savoldi R, Polari D, Pinheiro-da-Silva J, Silva PF, Lobao-Soares B, Yonamine M, Freire FAM, Luchiari AC. Behavioral Changes Over Time Following Ayahuasca Exposure in Zebrafish. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:139. [PMID: 28804451 PMCID: PMC5532431 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi stem and Psychotria viridis leaves, known as ayahuasca, has been used for centuries by indigenous tribes. The infusion is rich in N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, with properties similar to those of serotonin. Despite substantial progress in the development of new drugs to treat anxiety and depression, current treatments have several limitations. Alternative drugs, such as ayahuasca, may shed light on these disorders. Here, we present time-course behavioral changes induced by ayahuasca in zebrafish, as first step toward establishing an ideal concentration for pre-clinical evaluations. We exposed adult zebrafish to five concentrations of the ayahuasca infusion: 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3 ml/L (n = 14 each group), and behavior was recorded for 60 min. We evaluated swimming speed, distance traveled, freezing and bottom dwelling every min for 60 min. Swimming speed and distance traveled decreased with an increase in ayahuasca concentration while freezing increased with 1 and 3 ml/L. Bottom dwelling increased with 1 and 3 ml/L, but declined with 0.1 ml/L. Our data suggest that small amounts of ayahuasca do not affect locomotion and reduce anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish, while increased doses of the drug lead to crescent anxiogenic effects. We conclude that the temporal analysis of zebrafish behavior is a sensitive method for the study of ayahuasca-induced functional changes in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Savoldi
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Polari
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila F Silva
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lobao-Soares
- Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A M Freire
- Aquatic Fauna Lab, Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Ana C Luchiari
- Luchiari Lab, Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
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Sutherland R, Bruno R, Peacock A, Dietze P, Breen C, Burns L, Barratt MJ. New psychoactive substances: Purchasing and supply patterns in Australia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28517235 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the purchasing and supply patterns of new psychoactive substance (NPS) consumers in Australia. METHOD Data were obtained from a self-selected sample of 296 past-year NPS consumers, with comparisons made across dimethyltryptamine (n = 104), 2C-x (n = 59), NBOMe (n = 27), and synthetic cannabinoid (n = 22) users. RESULTS Most consumers (58%) nominated a friend as their main NPS source, and almost half (46%) reported that they had supplied NPS to others in the past year (predominantly "social supply"). However, when comparisons were made across NPS, NBOMe users were more likely to nominate a dealer (30%) or online marketplace (22%) as their main source and to report: supplying NPS to others (63%); supplying to strangers (29%) and acquaintances (24%); and supplying NPS for cash profit (29%). Similarly, NPS consumers who nominated online markets as their main NPS source (9%; n = 26) were more likely to have supplied NPS to others (risk ratio [RR] 1.57); supplied to strangers (RR 6.05) and acquaintances (RR 12.11); sold NPS for cash profit (RR 4.36); and to have exchanged NPS for something else (RR 3.27) than those who reported alternative primary sources. CONCLUSION NBOMe consumers and those who nominated online markets as their main NPS source reported greater engagement with for-profit supply; it is unclear if these individuals have "drifted" into dealing or if they were already engaged in such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sutherland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine (Psychology), Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Burnet Institute, Centre for Population Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Courtney Breen
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucinda Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monica J Barratt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Centre for Population Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Shenton Park, WA, Australia
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Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM. Modification of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperactivity by monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline in mice and the underlying serotonergic mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:608-15. [PMID: 26977821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs often abused together. Our recent studies have revealed the significant effects of co-administered harmaline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), on 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetics and thermoregulation. This study was to delineate the impact of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on home-cage activity in mouse models, as well as the contribution of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. METHODS Home-cage activities of individual animals were monitored automatically in the home cages following implantation of telemetry transmitters and administration of various doses of IAA drugs and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Area under the effect curve (AUEC) of mouse activity values were calculated by trapezoidal rule. RESULTS High dose of harmaline (15mg/kg, ip) alone caused an early-phase (0-45min) hypoactivity in mice that was fully attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, whereas a late-phase (45-180min) hyperactivity that was reduced by 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL-100907. 5-MeO-DMT (10 and 20mg/kg, ip) alone induced biphasic effects, an early-phase (0-45min) hypoactivity that was completely attenuated by WAY-100635, and a late-phase (45-180min) hyperactivity that was fully suppressed by MDL-100907. Interestingly, co-administration of MAOI harmaline (2-15mg/kg) with a subthreshold dose of 5-MeO-DMT (2mg/kg) induced excessive hyperactivities at late phase (45-180min) that could be abolished by either WAY-100635 or MDL-100907. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of MAOI with 5-MeO-DMT provokes excessive late-phase hyperactivity, which involves the activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM. Potentiation of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperthermia by harmaline and the involvement of activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 89:342-51. [PMID: 25446678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are serotonin (5-HT) analogs often abused together, which alters thermoregulation that may indicate the severity of serotonin toxicity. Our recent studies have revealed that co-administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor harmaline leads to greater and prolonged exposure to 5-HT agonist 5-MeO-DMT that might be influenced by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) status. This study was to define the effects of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on thermoregulation in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice, as well as the involvement of 5-HT receptors. Animal core body temperatures were monitored noninvasively in the home cages after implantation of telemetry transmitters and administration of drugs. Harmaline (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) alone was shown to induce hypothermia that was significantly affected by CYP2D6 status. In contrast, higher doses of 5-MeO-DMT (10 and 20 mg/kg) alone caused hyperthermia. Co-administration of harmaline (2, 5 or 15 mg/kg) remarkably potentiated the hyperthermia elicited by 5-MeO-DMT (2 or 10 mg/kg), which might be influenced by CYP2D6 status at certain dose combination. Interestingly, harmaline-induced hypothermia was only attenuated by 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, whereas 5-MeO-DMT- and harmaline-5-MeO-DMT-induced hyperthermia could be suppressed by either WAY-100635 or 5-HT2A receptor antagonists (MDL-100907 and ketanserin). Moreover, stress-induced hyperthermia under home cage conditions was not affected by WAY-100635 but surprisingly attenuated by MDL-100907 and ketanserin. Our results indicate that co-administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor largely potentiates 5-MeO-DMT-induced hyperthermia that involves the activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. These findings shall provide insights into development of anxiolytic drugs and new strategies to relieve the lethal hyperthermia in serotonin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA
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Lanaro R, Calemi DBDA, Togni LR, Costa JL, Yonamine M, Cazenave SDOS, Linardi A. Ritualistic Use of Ayahuasca versus Street Use of Similar Substances Seized by the Police: A Key Factor Involved in the Potential for Intoxications and Overdose? J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 47:132-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2015.1013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Paulke A, Kremer C, Wunder C, Wurglics M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Toennes SW. Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa, a common legal high. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:281-93. [PMID: 25747328 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seeds from the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa of different origin and labelling and with allegedly high levels of ergot alkaloids were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS) technique. Lysergic acid amide (LSA), ergometrine, lysergol/elymoclavine/setoclavine, chanoclavine, lysergic acid and their respective stereoisomers were identified as well as penniclavine and lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide. In addition, methylergometrine, methysergide, and lysergylalanine were detected, some high molecular weight ergot alkaloid derivatives and hydroxyalanine derived ergopeptide fragments were detected indicating the presence of ergopeptides in the seeds. The results of the study demonstrate that the content of ergot alkaloids in Argyreia nervosa seeds depends on the quality of the material. For a consumer the quality of the seeds is unforeseeable. For the toxicological expert it is essential to investigate not only the identity of such a confiscated seed material, but also the various ergot alkaloid constituents to assess the hazardous nature and the toxic potential of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Paulke
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Christian Kremer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Cora Wunder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mario Wurglics
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan W Toennes
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Pichini S, Marchei E, García-Algar O, Gomez A, Di Giovannandrea R, Pacifici R. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:284-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Paulke A, Kremer C, Wunder C, Wurglics M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Toennes SW. Identification of legal highs – Ergot alkaloid patterns in two Argyreia nervosa products. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Koželj G, Perharič L, Stanovnik L, Prosen H. Simple validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of atropine and scopolamine in plasma for clinical and forensic toxicological purposes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paulke A, Kremer C, Wunder C, Achenbach J, Djahanschiri B, Elias A, Schwed JS, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Proschak E, Toennes SW, Stark H. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.): receptor profiling of lysergic acid amide and other potential psychedelic LSD-like compounds by computational and binding assay approaches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:492-497. [PMID: 23665164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The convolvulacea Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) is well known as an important medical plant in the traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine and it is used in numerous diseases (e.g. nervousness, bronchitis, tuberculosis, arthritis, and diabetes). Additionally, in the Indian state of Assam and in other regions Argyreia nervosa is part of the traditional tribal medicine (e.g. the Santali people, the Lodhas, and others). In the western hemisphere, Argyreia nervosa has been brought in attention as so called "legal high". In this context, the seeds are used as source of the psychoactive ergotalkaloid lysergic acid amide (LSA), which is considered as the main active ingredient. AIM OF THE STUDY As the chemical structure of LSA is very similar to that of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the seeds of Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) are often considered as natural substitute of LSD. In the present study, LSA and LSD have been compared concerning their potential pharmacological profiles based on the receptor binding affinities since our recent human study with four volunteers on p.o. application of Argyreia nervosa seeds has led to some ambiguous effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an initial step computer-aided in silico prediction models on receptor binding were employed to screen for serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, muscarine, and histamine receptor subtypes as potential targets for LSA. In addition, this screening was extended to accompany ergotalkaloids of Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.). In a verification step, selected LSA screening results were confirmed by in vitro binding assays with some extensions to LSD. RESULTS In the in silico model LSA exhibited the highest affinity with a pKi of about 8.0 at α1A, and α1B. Clear affinity with pKi>7 was predicted for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, and D2. From these receptors the 5-HT1D subtype exhibited the highest pKi with 7.98 in the prediction model. From the other ergotalkaloids, agroclavine and festuclavine also seemed to be highly affine to the 5-HT1D-receptor with pKi>8. In general, the ergotalkaloids of Argyreia nervosa seem to prefer serotonin and dopamine receptors (pKi>7). However, with exception of ergometrine/ergometrinine only for 5-HT3A, and histamine H2 and H4 no affinities were predicted. Compared to LSD, LSA exhibited lower binding affinities in the in vitro binding assays for all tested receptor subtypes. However, with a pKi of 7.99, 7.56, and 7.21 a clear affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, and α2 could be demonstrated. For DA receptor subtypes and the α1-receptor the pKi ranged from 6.05 to 6.85. CONCLUSION Since the psychedelic activity of LSA in the recent human study was weak and although LSA from Argyreia nervosa is often considered as natural exchange for LSD, LSA should not be regarded as LSD-like psychedelic drug. However, vegetative side effects and psychotropic effects may be triggered by serotonin or dopamine receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Paulke
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Yu Z, Wu Z, Gong F, Wong R, Liang C, Zhang Y, Yu Y. Simultaneous determination of six toxic alkaloids in human plasma and urine using capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2773-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhong Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; P. R. China
| | - Feijun Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; P. R. China
| | - Rong Wong
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; P. R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; P. R. China
| | - Yunqiu Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
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Analysis of lysergic acid amide in human serum and urine after ingestion of Argyreia nervosa seeds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:531-8. [PMID: 22695498 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ergot alkaloid lysergic acid amide (LSA) is a secondary plant constituent in a number of plants, but it is mainly present in considerable amounts in Convolvulaceae, like Argyreia nervosa. Due to its close structural similarity to lysergic acid diethylamide, LSA is considered as psychedelic and therefore promoted as so-called "legal high" in various internet forums. During a human behavioral study with orally administered seeds of A. nervosa, blood and urine samples were obtained. The present study describes the validation of a sensitive and robust high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection, which was applied to the study samples. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification in human serum were 0.05 and 0.17 ng/mL, respectively, and in urine, the LOD was 0.15 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precision and accuracy were below 15 % relative standard deviation with a bias better than ±15 %. No conversion of LSA to its epimer iso-LSA was noted during analyses. The LSA concentrations in the authentic human serum samples were in the range of 0.66 to 3.15 ng/mL approximately 2 h after ingestion. In urine, LSA could be found 1-24 h after ingestion; after 48 h, no LSA could be detected. The LSA epimer iso-LSA was also detected in serum and urine in varying ratios. In conclusion, LSA serum levels in the low nanogram per milliliter range correlated with severe vegetative adverse effects (nausea, weakness, fatigue, tremor, blood pressure elevation) and a psychosis-like state, which led to study termination.
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Alper KR, Stajić M, Gill JR. Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:398-412. [PMID: 22268458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive plant alkaloid that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings for opioid detoxification and other substance use indications. All available autopsy, toxicological, and investigative reports were systematically reviewed for the consecutive series of all known fatalities outside of West Central Africa temporally related to the use of ibogaine from 1990 through 2008. Nineteen individuals (15 men, four women between 24 and 54 years old) are known to have died within 1.5-76 h of taking ibogaine. The clinical and postmortem evidence did not suggest a characteristic syndrome of neurotoxicity. Advanced preexisting medical comorbidities, which were mainly cardiovascular, and/or one or more commonly abused substances explained or contributed to the death in 12 of the 14 cases for which adequate postmortem data were available. Other apparent risk factors include seizures associated with withdrawal from alcohol and benzodiazepines and the uninformed use of ethnopharmacological forms of ibogaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Alper
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sardela V, Sardela P, Pereira H, Aquino Neto F. Consequences of the formation of 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine on the analysis of ephedrines in urine by gas chromatography and a new method for confirmation as N-trifluoroacetyl-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1266-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmidt MM, Sharma A, Schifano F, Feinmann C. “Legal highs” on the net—Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 206:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Two cases of lysergamide intoxication by ingestion of seeds from Hawaiian Baby Woodrose. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 197:e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Manevski N, Kurkela M, Höglund C, Mauriala T, Court MH, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Finel M. Glucuronidation of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole by the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:386-95. [PMID: 20007669 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the glucuronidation of psilocin, a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, by the 19 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) of subfamilies 1A, 2A, and 2B. The glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyindole, a related indole that lacks the N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain, was studied as well. UGT1A10 exhibited the highest psilocin glucuronidation activity, whereas the activities of UGTs 1A9, 1A8, 1A7, and 1A6 were significantly lower. On the other hand, UGT1A6 was by far the most active enzyme mediating 4-hydroxyindole glucuronidation, whereas the activities of UGTs 1A7-1A10 toward 4-hydroxyindole resembled their respective psilocin glucuronidation rates. Psilocin glucuronidation by UGT1A10 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in which psilocin is a low-affinity high-turnover substrate (K(m) = 3.8 mM; V(max) = 2.5 nmol/min/mg). The kinetics of psilocin glucuronidation by UGT1A9 was more complex and may be best described by biphasic kinetics with both intermediate (K(m1) = 1.0 mM) and very low affinity components. The glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyindole by UGT1A6 exhibited higher affinity (K(m) = 178 microM) and strong substrate inhibition. Experiments with human liver and intestinal microsomes (HLM and HIM, respectively) revealed similar psilocin glucuronidation activity in both samples, but a much higher 4-hydroxyindole glucuronidation rate was found in HLM versus HIM. The expression levels of UGTs 1A6-1A10 in different tissues were studied by quantitative real-time-PCR, and the results, together with the activity assays findings, suggest that whereas psilocin may be subjected to extensive glucuronidation by UGT1A10 in the small intestine, UGT1A9 is likely the main contributor to its glucuronidation once it has been absorbed into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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