1
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Horwitz V, Cohen M, Gore A, Gez R, Gutman H, Kadar T, Dachir S, Kendler S. Predicting clinical outcome of sulfur mustard induced ocular injury using machine learning model. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109671. [PMID: 37776992 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The sight-threatening sulfur mustard (SM) induced ocular injury presents specific symptoms in each clinical stage. The acute injury develops in all exposed eyes and may heal or deteriorate into chronic late pathology. Early detection of eyes at risk of developing late pathology may assist in providing unique monitoring and specific treatments only to relevant cases. In this study, we evaluated a machine-learning (ML) model for predicting the development of SM-induced late pathology based on clinical data of the acute phase in the rabbit model. Clinical data from 166 rabbit eyes exposed to SM vapor was used retrospectively. The data included a comprehensive clinical evaluation of the cornea, eyelids and conjunctiva using a semi-quantitative clinical score. A random forest classifier ML model, was trained to predict the development of corneal neovascularization four weeks post-ocular exposure to SM vapor using clinical scores recorded three weeks earlier. The overall accuracy in predicting the clinical outcome of SM-induced ocular injury was 73%. The accuracy in identifying eyes at risk of developing corneal neovascularization and future healed eyes was 75% and 59%, respectively. The most important parameters for accurate prediction were conjunctival secretion and corneal opacity at 1w and corneal erosions at 72 h post-exposure. Predicting the clinical outcome of SM-induced ocular injury based on the acute injury parameters using ML is demonstrated for the first time. Although the prediction accuracy was limited, probably due to the small dataset, it pointed out towards various parameters during the acute injury that are important for predicting SM-induced late pathology and revealing possible pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Horwitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel.
| | - Maayan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Ariel Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Rellie Gez
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Hila Gutman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Tamar Kadar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Shai Kendler
- Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel; Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320000, Israel
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2
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Soleimani M, Baharnoori SM, Cheraqpour K, Momenaei B, Mirshahi R, Chow C, Shahjahan S, Nguyen T, Ashraf MJ, Huang X, Koganti R, Cheraghpour M, Ghassemi M, Djalilian AR. Cellular senescence implication in mustard keratopathy. Exp Eye Res 2023; 233:109565. [PMID: 37406956 PMCID: PMC10392783 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mustard agents are vesicants that were used in warfare multiple times. They are potent alkylating agents that activate cellular pathways of apoptosis, increase oxidative stress, and induce inflammation. Eyes are particularly susceptible to mustard exposure with a wide range of ocular surface damage. Three main categories of mustard-related eye injuries are acute, chronic, and delayed-onset manifestations. Mustard keratopathy (MK) is a known complication characterized by corneal opacification, ulceration, thinning, and neovascularization that can lead to severe vision loss and discomfort. Recently, a few reports demonstrated the role of senescence induction as a new pathological mechanism in mustard-related injuries that could affect wound healing. We ran the first murine model of delayed-onset MK and nitrogen mustard-induced senescence, evaluating the pathological signs of senescence in the cornea using beta-galactosidase staining. Our results suggest that nitrogen mustard exposure causes senescence in the corneal cells, which could be the underlying mechanism for chronic and late-onset ocular surface damage. We also found a significant correlation between the percentage of positive beta-galactosidase staining and the degree of fibrosis in the cornea. This provides valuable insight into the possible role of anti-senescence drugs in the near future for accelerating corneal healing and restricting fibrosis in patients with mustard keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahbod Baharnoori
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kasra Cheraqpour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Momenaei
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Reza Mirshahi
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Collin Chow
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Tara Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Bosholm CC, Zhu H, Yu P, Cheng K, Murphy SV, McNutt PM, Zhang Y. Therapeutic Benefits of Stem Cells and Exosomes for Sulfur-Mustard-Induced Tissue Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9947. [PMID: 37373093 PMCID: PMC10298660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical agent that causes severe tissue damage, particularly to the eyes, lungs, and skin. Despite advances in treatment, there is a need for more effective therapies for SM-induced tissue injury. Stem cell and exosome therapies are emerging as promising approaches for tissue repair and regeneration. Stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell types and promote tissue regeneration, while exosomes are small vesicles that can deliver therapeutic cargo to target cells. Several preclinical studies demonstrated the potential of stem cell, exosome, or combination therapy for various tissue injury, showing improvements in tissue repairing, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, there are also challenges associated with these therapies, such as the requirement for standardized methods for exosome isolation and characterization, the long-term safety and efficacy and reduced SM-induced tissue injury of these therapies. Stem cell or exosome therapy was used for SM-induced eye and lung injury. Despite the limited data on the use for SM-induced skin injury, this therapy is a promising area of research and may offer new treatment options in the future. In this review, we focused on optimizing these therapies, evaluating their safety and efficacy, and comparing their efficacy to other emerging therapeutic approaches potentially for SM-induced tissue injury in the eye, lung, and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Christine Bosholm
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Hainan Zhu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Sean Vincent Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Patrick Michael McNutt
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (C.C.B.); (H.Z.); (P.Y.); (S.V.M.); (P.M.M.)
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4
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Soleimani M, Momenaei B, Baradaran-Rafii A, Cheraqpour K, An S, Ashraf MJ, Abedi F, Javadi MA, Djalilian AR. Mustard Gas-Induced Ocular Surface Disorders: An Update on the Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Cornea 2023; 42:776-786. [PMID: 36729713 PMCID: PMC10164045 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mustard gas (MG) is a potent blistering and alkylating agent that has been used for military and terrorism purposes. Ocular surface injuries are common after exposure to MG. This review provides an update on the pathophysiology, ocular surface complications, and treatment options for MG-related ocular injuries. METHODS Required information was obtained by reviewing various databases such as Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and PubMed until March 2022. Data were collected by using keywords: "mustard gas" OR "sulfur mustard" AND "eye" OR "cornea" OR "ocular complication" OR "keratitis" OR "keratopathy" OR "limbal stem cell deficiency" OR "dry eye." RESULTS Chronic intracellular toxicity, inflammation, and ischemia have been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of MG injury. Ocular surface injuries can have acute, chronic, and most distinctly a delayed-onset presentation leading to various degrees of limbal stem cell deficiency. To date, no treatment has been agreed on as the standard treatment for chronic/delayed-onset MG keratopathy. Based on the authors' experience, we propose a management algorithm for MG-related ocular surface injuries involving optimization of ocular health, anti-inflammatory therapy, and if needed surgical interventions. The management of chronic and delayed-onset presentation remains challenging. CONCLUSIONS MG keratopathy is a unique form of chemical injury which can lead to a range of ocular surface pathologies. Long-term anti-inflammatory therapy even in patients with seemingly mild disease may potentially reduce the likelihood of the development of more severe delayed-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Momenaei
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kasra Cheraqpour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seungwon An
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Farshad Abedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Javadi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali R. Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Kumar V, Kim H, Pandey B, James TD, Yoon J, Anslyn EV. Recent advances in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents: a legacy of the 21st century. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:663-704. [PMID: 36546880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00651k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are among the most prominent threats to the human population, our peace, and social stability. Therefore, their detection and quantification are of utmost importance to ensure the security and protection of mankind. In recent years, significant developments have been made in supramolecular chemistry, analytical chemistry, and molecular sensors, which have improved our capability to detect CWAs. Fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors are attractive tools that allow the selective, sensitive, cheap, portable, and real-time analysis of the potential presence of CWAs, where suitable combinations of selective recognition and transduction can be integrated. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion on recently reported molecular sensors with a specific focus on the sensing of each class of CWAs such as nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, and other toxicants. We will also discuss the current technology used by military forces, and these discussions will include the type of instrumentation and established protocols. Finally, we will conclude this review with our outlook on the limitations and challenges in the area and summarize the potential of promising avenues for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Process and Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Bipin Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
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6
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Kadar T, Horwitz V, Cohen M, Egoz I, Gutman H, Gez R, Dachir S. Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in rats and mice following whole body exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) vapor. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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He D, Zhang L, Sun Y. Meso-substituented pyronine: colorful emission and versatile platform for the rational design of fluorescent probes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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(RuBpy3)2+-bisterpyridinyl triangle promoted singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitization for fast oxidation of sulfur mustard simulant. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Timperley CM, Forman JE, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Benachour D, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Geist M, Gonzalez D, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mourão NMF, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Suárez AG, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Zina MS, Holen S, Alwan WS, Suri V, Hotchkiss PJ, Ghanei M. Advice on assistance and protection provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 3. On medical care and treatment of injuries from sulfur mustard. Toxicology 2021; 463:152967. [PMID: 34619302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blister agents damage the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissues. Other toxic effects may occur after absorption. The response of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a request from the OPCW Director-General in 2013 on the status of medical countermeasures and treatments to blister agents is updated through the incorporation of the latest information. The physical and toxicological properties of sulfur mustard and clinical effects and treatments are summarised. The information should assist medics and emergency responders who may be unfamiliar with the toxidrome of sulfur mustard and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Timperley
- Chair of the OPCW SAB from 2015-2018, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan E Forman
- Science Policy Adviser and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands, from 2015-2018
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Augustin Baulig
- Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale (SGDSN), Paris, France
| | - Djafer Benachour
- LMPMP, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif-1, Algeria
| | - Veronica Borrett
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Gonzalez
- Facultad De Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Syed K Raza
- Chairperson Accreditation Committee, National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), India
| | - Valentin Rubaylo
- State Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alejandra Graciela Suárez
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cheng Tang
- Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Ministry of National Defence, Beijing, China
| | - Ferruccio Trifirò
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paula S Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Stian Holen
- Head of Strategy and Policy at the OPCW from 2009 to 2015
| | - Wesam S Alwan
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivek Suri
- Intern in the OPCW Office of Strategy and Policy, Summer 2018
| | - Peter J Hotchkiss
- Senior Science Policy Officer and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands.
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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10
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Xue MJ, Wei XZ, Feng W, Xing ZF, Liu SL, Song QH. Sensitive and selective detections of mustard gas and its analogues by 4-mercaptocoumarins as fluorescent chemosensors in both solutions and gas phase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125789. [PMID: 33894438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mustard gas has been used as a chemical warfare agent for a century, and is the most likely chemical weapon used in wars or by terrorists. Thus, it is important to develop a facile, rapid and highly selective method for the detection of mustard gas. In this paper, two fluorescent probe molecules, 4-mercaptocoumarins, have been developed for rapid and sensitive detections of SM and its analogues (CEES and NH1) in both solutions and gas phase. The sensing reaction is a nucleophilic addition at three-membered hetercyclic sulfonium/ammonium formed from SM, CEES/NH1 in ethanol. Two fluorescent probes (4-mercaptocoumarins, ArSH) in ethanol deprotonate to form thiophenol anions (ArS-) resulting from their low pKa values (3.2-3.4), and the nucleophilic addition of the anion ArS- generates the corresponding thioethers, giving a turn-on fluorescence response. The thiophenol anion can fast sense SM, CEES and NH1 (within 1-4 min) with high sensitivity (~nM level) at 60 °C, and high selectivity through adding a tertiary amine, and two probes exhibit excellent chemical and photostability in detection systems. Furthermore, a facile test strip with the sensor was fabricated for the detection of CEES vapor with rapid response (3 min), high sensitivity (9 ppb) and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Xiu-Zhi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Zhong-Fang Xing
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Qin-Hua Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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11
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Feng W, Li H, Xue MJ, Zhang QL, Liu SL, Song QH. Quinoline-2-thione-based fluorescent probes for selective and sensitive detections of mustard gas and its analogues. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338440. [PMID: 33867036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, also called as mustard gas (HD)) is a persistent and highly toxic gas used as chemical weapon in wars and military conflicts. Moreover, owing to its simple structure and easy synthesis, it is the most likely chemical agent used by terrorists. For this reason, it is vital important to develop a facile, rapid and reliable detection system for SM. In this paper, we have developed four quinoline-2-thiones as fluorescent probes, 2a-2d, for the detection of SM and its analogues, half sulfur mustard (CEES) and a nitrogen mustard NH1. In the presence of KOH, these quinoline-2-thiones deprotonated to quinoline-2-thiophenol anions, which react with SM and its analogues rapidly to form quinoline-2-thiethers with highly efficient fluorescence, giving turn-on fluorescence response. The sensing products with CEES were isolated and fully characterized, thereby, the sensing mechanism was firmly established. The fluorescent probes with 4-trifluoromethyl group, 2b and 2d, exhibit rapid response to SM, CEES and NH1 (within 1 min at 60 °C for CEES and NH1), high sensitivity (limit of detection, 50 nM for SM and 20 nM for NH1) and high selectivity. Furthermore, polymer film test strips were fabricated with probe-embedded poly(ethylene oxide) for the detection of CEES vapor. These test strips displayed a rapid response (<4 min) to gaseous CEES with high sensitivity (0.2 ppm) and high selectivity. These results show that fluorescent probes 2b and 2d have a good application prospect in the field detection of mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Min-Jie Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Qiao-Li Zhang
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
| | - Qin-Hua Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
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12
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Colozza N, Kehe K, Popp T, Steinritz D, Moscone D, Arduini F. Paper-based electrochemical sensor for on-site detection of the sulphur mustard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25069-25080. [PMID: 29934830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel paper-based electrochemical sensor for on-site detection of sulphur mustards. This sensor was conceived combining office paper-based electrochemical sensor with choline oxidase enzyme to deliver a sustainable sensing tool. The mustard agent detection relies on the evaluation of inhibition degree of choline oxidase, which is reversibly inhibited by sulphur mustards, by measuring the enzymatic by-product H2O2 in chronoamperometric mode. A nanocomposite constituted of Prussian Blue nanoparticles and Carbon Black was used as working electrode modifier to improve the electroanalytical performances. This bioassay was successfully applied for the measurement of a sulphur mustard, Yprite, obtaining a detection limit in the millimolar range (LOD = 0.9 mM). The developed sensor, combined with a portable and easy-to-use instrumentation, can be applied for a fast and cost-effective detection of sulphur mustards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Colozza
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Kai Kehe
- Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Medical CBRN Defense, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Toxicology of Blister Agents: Is Melatonin a Potential Therapeutic Option? Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020027. [PMID: 33920224 PMCID: PMC8167553 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blister or vesicant chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been widely used in different military conflicts, including World War I and the Iran-Iraq War. However, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. Sulfur and nitrogen mustard exert toxic effects not only through the alkylation of thiol-bearing macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins, but also produce free radicals that can develop direct toxic effects in target organs such as the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. The lack of effective treatments against vesicant CWAs-induced injury makes us consider, in this complex scenario, the use and development of melatonin-based therapeutic strategies. This multifunctional indoleamine could facilitate neutralization of the oxidative stress, modulate the inflammatory response, and prevent the DNA damage, as well as the long-term health consequences mediated by vesicant CWAs-induced epigenetic mechanisms. In this context, it would be essential to develop new galenic formulations for the use of orally and/or topically applied melatonin for the prophylaxis against vesicant CWAs, as well as the development of post-exposure treatments in the near future.
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Fuchs A, Giuliano EA, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Ocular toxicity of mustard gas: A concise review. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:21-27. [PMID: 33600921 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that has been used throughout recent history and remains a threat today. Exposed soldiers and civilians experience a variety of symptoms primarily in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. The ocular tissues are highly sensitive to damage by SM and undergo unique manifestations of acute, chronic, and delayed complications that can persist for months and years after exposure. The mechanisms of this unique mustard gas keratopathy are still not fully understood and animal models for the study of this disease are discussed. Recent advances in mechanisms of injury are included in this review. Ophthalmic manifestations of SM injury including persistent epithelial defects, limbal stem cell deficiency, corneal neovascularization, dry eye, and corneal opacification have been reported. A wide variety of medical and surgical therapies have been studied and are reviewed here along with potential future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Fuchs
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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Sadeghi M, Farhadi S, Zabardasti A. A NaX zeolite framework containing magnetic MgFe 2O 4/CdO nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in the decontamination of 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (2-CEPS) as a model of sulfur mustard agent. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic MgFe2O4/CdO nanoparticles were immobilized in a zeolite NaX network and their application for the decontamination of sulfur mustard agent simulant 2-CEPS was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
| | - Saeed Farhadi
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
| | - Abedin Zabardasti
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran
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Horwitz V, Cohen-Gihon I, Egoz I, Dachir S, Cohen M, Cohen L, Gutman H, Gez R, Kadar T, Gore A, Beth-Din A, Zvi A, Zaide G, Israeli O. A comprehensive analysis of corneal mRNA levels during sulfur mustard induced ocular late pathology in the rabbit model using RNA sequencing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:201-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Horwitz V, Dachir S, Cohen M, Gutman H, Cohen L, Gez R, Buch H, Kadar T, Gore A. Differential expression of corneal and limbal cytokines and chemokines throughout the clinical course of sulfur mustard induced ocular injury in the rabbit model. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Wang H, Guan J, Han X, Chen SW, Li T, Zhang Y, Yuan MS, Wang J. Benzothiazole modified rhodol as chemodosimeter for the detection of sulfur mustard simulant. Talanta 2018; 189:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Beigi Harchegani A, Mirnam Niha M, Sohrabiyan M, Ghatrehsamani M, Tahmasbpour E, Shahriary A. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sulfur mustard toxicity on spermatozoa and male fertility. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1029-1035. [PMID: 30510677 PMCID: PMC6220723 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a toxic compound that can target human spermatozoa. SM induces a wide variety of pathological effects in human reproductive organs, including sexual hormone disturbance, testicular atrophy, impaired spermatogenesis, poor sperm quality, defects in embryo development, childhood physical abnormalities, and severe fertility problems. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SM action on male reproductive health and human sperm function are unclear. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species and the resulting oxidative stress is likely a significant mechanism of SM action, and could be associated with sperm DNA damage, membrane lipid peroxidation, reduced membrane fluidity, mitochondrial deficiency, apoptosis, and poor sperm quality. In this review, we aim to discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SM action on sperm and reproductive health, the significance of OS, and the mechanisms through which SM enhances the infertility rate among SM-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Beigi Harchegani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , Systems biology and poisonings institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran . ; Tel: +21-82482502
| | - Mahdiyeh Mirnam Niha
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering , Central Tehran Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Milad Sohrabiyan
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , Systems biology and poisonings institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran . ; Tel: +21-82482502
| | - Mahdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran . ; Tel: +21-9111193051
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , Systems biology and poisonings institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran . ; Tel: +21-82482502
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Beigi Harchegani A, Khor A, Tahmasbpour E, Ghatrehsamani M, Bakhtiari Kaboutaraki H, Shahriary A. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in acute and chronic phases of sulfur mustard injuries: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 38:9-17. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1495230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Beigi Harchegani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khor
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakhtiari Kaboutaraki
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khamisabadi A, Tahmasbpour E, Ghanei M, Shahriary A. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SM-induced pathologies. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1477163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khamisabadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Beigi Harchegani A, Tahmasbpour E, Borna H, Imamy A, Ghanei M, Shahriary A. Free Radical Production and Oxidative Stress in Lung Tissue of Patients Exposed to Sulfur Mustard: An Overview of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:211-222. [PMID: 29569912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical alkylating compound that primary targets lung tissue. It causes a wide variety of pathological effects in respiratory system such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, necrosis of the mucosa and inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms for these pathologies are still unclear. Oxidative stress (OS) induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is likely a significant mechanism by which SM leads to cell death and tissues injury. SM can trigger various molecular and cellular pathways that are linked to ROS generation, OS, and inflammation. Hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, reduced activity of enzymatic antioxidants, depletion of intercellular glutathione (GSH), decreased productivity of GSH-dependent antioxidants, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of leukocytes and proinflammatory cytokines, and increased expression of ROS producing-related enzymes and inflammatory mediators are the major events in which SM leads to massive production of ROS and OS in pulmonary system. Therefore, understanding of these molecules and signaling pathways gives us valuable information about toxicological effects of SM on injured tissues and the way for developing a suitable clinical treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the possible mechanisms by which SM induces excessive production of ROS, OS, and antioxidants depletion in lung tissue of exposed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Beigi Harchegani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , 19945-581 Tehran , Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hojat Borna
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , 19945-581 Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Imamy
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , 19945-581 Tehran , Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , 19945-581 Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center , System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , 19945-581 Tehran , Iran
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Zhang Y, Lv Y, Wang X, Peng A, Zhang K, Jie X, Huang J, Tian Z. A Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Sub-ppm Levels of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant with High Selectivity. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Khosravi A, Motamedi MA, Kazemi-Saleh D, Aslani J, Ghanei M. Long-term right ventricular changes in mustard-exposed patients: A historical cohort. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2018; 46:160-164. [PMID: 28980333 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mustard gas (MG) is a chemical warfare agent widely used in the Iran-Iraq War. Its catastrophic effects on the lungs, eyes, and skin have been well studied. However, it also affects the cardiovascular system. We aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of MG on right ventricular (RV) function. METHODS All patients presenting to the university clinics between May 2014 and September 2015 were consecutively evaluated to enter the study based on the inclusion criteria (documented proof of chemical injury, no past or present cardiovascular disease, not a current smoker, and no history of sleep apnea). A comparable control group of veterans without MG exposure was randomly selected. All patients underwent echocardiographic measurement of RV size and function by a blinded cardiologist. RESULTS We included 23 patients in the MG-exposed group and 19 subjects in the control group, with a mean age of 48.6 years. Mean chemical injury severity score was 29.7% and mean time from the MG exposure was 29.2 years. The main complaint of MG-exposed patients pertained to respiratory symptoms (91%). Pulmonary artery pressure was higher (32.83 vs. 28.95 mmHg) and RV strain was lower (-17.05% vs. -20.72%) in the MG-exposed than in the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION Our results present baseline RV values for MG-exposed patients and show mild but significant changes after 3 decades. Further cellular and molecular studies are needed to evaluate underlying mechanisms of MG cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khosravi
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ali Motamedi
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Kazemi-Saleh
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Aslani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen L, Oh H, Wu D, Kim MH, Yoon J. An ESIPT fluorescent probe and a nanofiber platform for selective and sensitive detection of a nerve gas mimic. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2276-2279. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An ESIPT based fluorescent probe, containing a hydroxyphenyl-benzothiazole fluorophore and an oxime reaction site, serves as a selective probe for a nerve gas mimic, diethyl cyanophosphonate (DECP), in solutions and the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Hyerim Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
- School of Chemistry
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
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26
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Goswami DG, Agarwal R, Tewari-Singh N. Phosgene oxime: Injury and associated mechanisms compared to vesicating agents sulfur mustard and lewisite. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:112-119. [PMID: 29141200 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosgene Oxime (CX, Cl2CNOH), a halogenated oxime, is a potent chemical weapon that causes immediate acute injury and systemic effects. CX, grouped together with vesicating agents, is an urticant or nettle agent with highly volatile, reactive, corrosive, and irritating vapor, and has considerably different chemical properties and toxicity compared to other vesicants. CX is absorbed quickly through clothing with faster cutaneous penetration compared to other vesicating agents causing instantaneous and severe damage. For this reason, it could be produced as a weaponized mixture with other chemical warfare agents to enhance their deleterious effects. The immediate devastating effects of CX and easy synthesis makes it a dangerous chemical with both military and terrorist potentials. Although CX is the most potent vesicating agent, it is one of the least studied chemical warfare agents and the pathophysiology as well as long term effects are largely unknown. CX exposure results in immediate pain and inflammation, and it mainly affects skin, eye and respiratory system. There are no antidotes available against CX-induced injury and the treatment is only supportive. This review summarizes existing knowledge regarding exposure, toxicity and the probable underlying mechanisms of CX compared to other important vesicants' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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27
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Proteomic features of delayed ocular symptoms caused by exposure to sulfur mustard: As studied by protein profiling of corneal epithelium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1445-1454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Das LM, Binko AM, Traylor ZP, Duesler L, Lu KQ. Defining the timing of 25(OH)D rescue following nitrogen mustard exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:127-132. [PMID: 28737434 PMCID: PMC6025804 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1355315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mass exposure to alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard (NM), whether accidental or intentional as during warfare, are known to cause systemic toxicity and severe blistering from cutaneous exposure. Thus, establishing the timing and appropriate dose of any potential drug designed to reverse or impede these toxicities is critical for wound repair and survival. Our previous data demonstrates that a single intraperitoneal injection of low-dose 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) given as early as 1 h following NM exposure is sufficient to rescue mice from pancytopenia and death. However, the duration of time following exposure where intervention is still effective as a countermeasure is unknown. In this study, we sought to assess the maximal time permissible following NM exposure where 25(OH)D still affords protection against NM-induced cutaneous injury. Additionally, we determined if a higher dose of 25(OH)D would be more efficacious at time interval where low dose 25(OH)D is no longer effective. Methods Low (5 ng) and high (50 ng) doses of 25(OH)D were administered intraperitoneally to mice following exposure to topical NM to assess wound resolution and survival. Mice were imaged and weighed daily to measure wound healing and to monitor systemic toxicity. Results We demonstrated that 5 ng 25(OH)D administered as early as 1 h and as late as 24 h post-NM exposure is able to achieve 100% recovery in mice. In contrast, intervention at and beyond 48 h of NM exposure failed to achieve full recovery and resulted in ≥60% death between days 6 and 12, demonstrating the critical nature of timely intervention with 25(OH)D at each respective dose. In order to circumvent the observed failure at >48 h exposure, we provided two consecutive doses of 5 ng or 50 ng of 25(OH)D at 48 h and 72 h post-NM exposure. Repeat dosing with 25(OH)D at 48 h and beyond led to marked improvement of lesion size with 75% recovery from mortality. Conclusions The opportunity to use 25(OH)D as a medical countermeasure for NM-induced toxicity has a finite of window for intervention. However, modifications such as repeat dosing can be an effective strategy to extend the intervention potential of 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa M Das
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Amy M Binko
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Zachary P Traylor
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Lori Duesler
- c Department of Biology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Kurt Q Lu
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland , OH , USA
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29
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Hiscock JR, Bustone GP, Clark ER. Decontamination and Remediation of the Sulfur Mustard Simulant CEES with "Off-the-Shelf" Reagents in Solution and Gel States: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:497-500. [PMID: 28794943 PMCID: PMC5542751 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The decontamination and remediation of sulfur mustard chemical warfare agents remains an ongoing challenge. Herein, we report the use of "off-the-shelf" metal salts alongside commercially available peroxides to catalyze the degradation of the simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) in solution and encapsulated within a supramolecular gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Hiscock
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentPark Wood RoadCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Gianluca P. Bustone
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentPark Wood RoadCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Ewan R. Clark
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentPark Wood RoadCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
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30
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Panahi Y, Rajaee SM, Sahebkar A. Ocular Effects of Sulfur Mustard and Therapeutic Approaches. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3549-3560. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyyed Mahdi Rajaee
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Khoshroo M, Hosseini-Monfared H. Oxidation of Sulfides with H2O2 Catalyzed by Impregnated Graphene Oxide with Co–Cu–Zn Doped Fe3O4/Co3O4–MoO3 Nanocomposite in Acetonitrile. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-016-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Emadi SN, Shiri M, Shiri Z, Emadi SE, Mortazavi H, Nikoo A, Akhavan-Moghaddam J. Mycosis fungoides two decades after exposure to sulphur mustard: a follow-up of 1100 victims. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:432-437. [PMID: 27699871 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulphur mustard (SM) is an alkylating chemical warfare agent which causes acute and chronic injuries to the eyes, skin, lung and respiratory tract. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the relationship between SM poisoning and Mycosis fungoides (MF) as a late consequence. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, the medical files of 1100 Iranian veterans confirmed to have exposure to SM agent during the Iraq-Iran war of the 1980s were reviewed. RESULTS All 10 cases with MF were confirmed by clinical and histopathological examinations. The mean age of the studied subjects was 43.3 ± 9.8 (years). In comparison to MF incidence rate in Iranian general population (0.39/100 000 person-years), we found an incidence rate of 0.799/100 000 person-years for MF among those who had short-term exposure to SM. The most common sites for SM lesions were flexural and thin skin areas. The main limitation was the retrospective design. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the risk of MF in those exposed to SM may increase over time. Therefore, their follow-up is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Emadi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shiri
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Shiri
- Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S E Emadi
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - H Mortazavi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Nikoo
- Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Akhavan-Moghaddam
- Department of General Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Wohlman IM, Composto GM, Heck DE, Heindel ND, Lacey CJ, Guillon CD, Casillas RP, Croutch CR, Gerecke DR, Laskin DL, Joseph LB, Laskin JD. Mustard vesicants alter expression of the endocannabinoid system in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 303:30-44. [PMID: 27125198 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vesicants including sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are bifunctional alkylating agents that cause skin inflammation, edema and blistering. This is associated with alterations in keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Endogenous cannabinoids, including N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are important in regulating inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing. Their activity is mediated by binding to cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Levels of endocannabinoids are regulated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We found that CB1, CB2, PPARα and FAAH were all constitutively expressed in mouse epidermis and dermal appendages. Topical administration of NM or SM, at concentrations that induce tissue injury, resulted in upregulation of FAAH, CB1, CB2 and PPARα, a response that persisted throughout the wound healing process. Inhibitors of FAAH including a novel class of vanillyl alcohol carbamates were found to be highly effective in suppressing vesicant-induced inflammation in mouse skin. Taken together, these data indicate that the endocannabinoid system is important in regulating skin homeostasis and that inhibitors of FAAH may be useful as medical countermeasures against vesicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Wohlman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - C Jeffrey Lacey
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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Marzony ET, Ghanei M, Panahi Y. Relationship of oxidative stress with male infertility in sulfur mustard-exposed injuries. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Tahmasbpour E, Reza Emami S, Ghanei M, Panahi Y. Role of oxidative stress in sulfur mustard-induced pulmonary injury and antioxidant protection. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:659-72. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1092184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Saeedi P, Salimian J, Ahmadi A, Imani Fooladi AA. The transient but not resident (TBNR) microbiome: a Yin Yang model for lung immune system. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:451-61. [PMID: 26307905 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1070220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of microbial content of the lung is still controversial. What make this more complicated are controversial results obtaining from different methodologies about lung microbiome and the definition of "lung sterility". Lungs may have very low bacteria but are not completely germ-free. Bacteria are constantly entering from the upper respiratory tract, but are then quickly being cleared. We can find bacterial DNA in the lungs, but it is much harder to ask about living bacteria. Here, we propose that if there is any trafficking of the microorganisms in the lung, it should be a "Transient But Not Resident (TBNR)" model. So, we speculate a "Yin Yang model" for the lung immune system and TBNR. Despite beneficial roles of microbiome on the development of lung immune system, any disruption and alteration in the microbiota composition of upper and lower airways may trigger or lead to several diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mustard lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafar Salimian
- b Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- a Applied Microbiology Research Center and
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Wang P, Zhang Y, Chen J, Guo L, Xu B, Wang L, Xu H, Xie J. Analysis of different fates of DNA adducts in adipocytes post-sulfur mustard exposure in vitro and in vivo using a simultaneous UPLC-MS/MS quantification method. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1224-33. [PMID: 25955432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a powerful alkylating vesicant that can rapidly penetrate skin, ocular, and lung bronchus mucous membranes and react with numerous nucleophiles in vivo. Although the lesion mechanisms of SM remain unclear, DNA damage is believed to be the most crucial factor in initiating SM-induced toxicity. Four major DNA adducts were identified for retrospective detection and DNA lesion evaluation, namely, N(7)-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-ethyl]guanine (N(7)-HETEG), bis(2-ethyl-N(7)-guanine)thioether (Bis-G), N(3)-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-adenine (N(3)-HETEA), and O(6)-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-ethyl]guanine (O(6)-HETEG). Because of previous observations that the levels of SM-DNA adducts were relatively higher in adipose-rich organs, such as the brain, we focused on the in vitro and in vivo fates of the DNA adducts in exposed adipocytes. A UPLC-MS/MS method developed in our laboratory was used to profile the N(7)-HETEG, Bis-G, and N(3)-HETEA levels in human mature adipocytes (HA-s) that had differentiated from human subcutaneous preadipocytes (HPA-s). This method was also used to profile three other cell lines related to the targeting of major tissues, including human keratinocytes (HaCaT), human hepatocytes (L-02), and human lung fibroblasts (HLF). Long-lasting adduct persistence and a high proportion of Bis-G were found in exposed adipocytes in vitro. The survival properties of exposed adipocytes were also tested. At the same time, the fate of SM-DNA adducts in vivo was characterized using a rat model exposed to 1 and 10 mg/kg doses of SM. The level of DNA adducts in the exposed adipose tissue (AT) was much lower than those in other organs studied in our previous work. The adduct persistence behavior was observed in AT with an extremely high proportion of Bis-G, which was higher than N(7)-HETEG. In light of these results, we suggest that an adipose-rich environment may promote the formation of Bis-G and that adipocyte-specific DNA repair mechanisms may result in adduct persistence and the survival of adipocytes after SM exposure. These conclusions should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- †State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
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Yue L, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhao Z, Liu Q, Wu R, Guo L, He J, Zhao J, Xie J, Peng S. Distribution of DNA adducts and corresponding tissue damage of Sprague-Dawley rats with percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:532-40. [PMID: 25650027 DOI: 10.1021/tx5004886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly reactive alkylation vesicant and cytotoxic agent that has been recognized as an animal and human carcinogen. Although the exact mechanism of toxicology is vague, DNA alkylation seems to be responsible for the triggering of apoptosis. In this study, after male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were cutaneous exposed to a low concentration of SM at parts-per-million levels, their lungs, livers, pancreases, spleens, marrow, and brains were collected at 11 different time points and analyzed. N7-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-ethyl]guanine (N7-HETEG), N3-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-ethyl]adenine (N3-HETEA), and bis[2-(guanin-7-yl)ethyl]sulfide (Bis-G) as the biomarkers for DNA damage were measured in the vital tissues by isotope dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-UPLC-MS/MS). At the same time, general variations and pathological changes were monitored and detected to evaluate the tissue damage. Time- and dose-dependent data showed that SM had strong permeability and reactivity and that three SM-DNA adducts were detected in all investigated tissues only after 10 min after exposure. Obvious dose-dependency was observed except in the brain and pancreas. Most times to peak (tmax) of all three adducts were less than 3 h, while half-lifetimes (t1/2) were less than 24 h. We also suggested that the lipophilic SM can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier and can be stored in the fatty organs. To the best of our knowledge, the abundant adducts in marrow were found and reported for the first time. The surveillance of N7-HETEG in vivo, which was the most abundant adduct, may be the most efficient indicator to validate SM exposure even without any symptoms. Bis-G can be regarded as a biomarker of effect, which is directly related to the extent of damage. The most abundant Bis-G was found in the most sensitive tissues, marrow, spleen, and lung, which is in good accordance with histopathologic results. General variations and pathological changes were evaluated as well. After cutaneous exposure to SM, the body weights of rats heavily decreased in the first 4 days and were inversely proportional to the applied doses, and then recovered at the last experimental day except for those of the rats at the highest dosing level, in which the relative weights of rat spleens were obviously lost. Moreover, we found remarkable histological changes of the lung and skin, such as encephalemia, at the very beginning of the sampling procedure, and plentiful mononuclear cells in marrow appeared 6 h after exposure. The micronucleus test of marrow cells showed that the micronucleus rate had a positively dose-dependent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , No. 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
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Comparative proteomic study reveals the molecular aspects of delayed ocular symptoms induced by sulfur mustard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2015; 2015:659241. [PMID: 25685557 PMCID: PMC4320800 DOI: 10.1155/2015/659241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly reactive alkylating agent which produces ocular, respiratory, and skin damages. Eyes are the most sensitive organ to SM due to high intrinsic metabolic and rapid turnover rate of corneal epithelium and aqueous-mucous interfaces of the cornea and conjunctiva. Here we investigate underlying molecular mechanism of SM exposure delayed effects which is still a controversial issue after about 30 years. Materials and Methods. Following ethical approval, we have analyzed serum proteome of ten severe SM exposed male patients with delayed eye symptoms with two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The western blotting was used to confirm the proteins that have been identified. Results. We have identified thirteen proteins including albumin, haptoglobin, and keratin isoforms as well as immunoglobulin kappa chain which showed upregulation while transferrin and alpha 1 antitrypsin revealed downregulation in these patients in comparison with healthy control group. Conclusions. Our results elevated participation of free iron circulatory imbalance and local matrix-metalloproteinase activity in development of delayed ocular symptoms induced by SM. It demonstrates that SM induced systemic toxicity leads to some serum protein changes that continually and gradually exacerbate the ocular surface injuries.
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Kumar V, Rana H. Selective and sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of sulfur mustard in organic, aqueous and gaseous medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18641b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A chromogenic and fluorogenic system based on a squaraine dye (SQ) was used for the highly selective and sensitive detection of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Synthetic Chemistry Division
- Defence Research & Development Establishment
- Gwalior 474002
- India
| | - Hemlata Rana
- Synthetic Chemistry Division
- Defence Research & Development Establishment
- Gwalior 474002
- India
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Goswami DG, Kumar D, Tewari-Singh N, Orlicky DJ, Jain AK, Kant R, Rancourt RC, Dhar D, Inturi S, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Topical nitrogen mustard exposure causes systemic toxic effects in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:161-70. [PMID: 25481215 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are reported to be easily absorbed by skin upon exposure causing severe cutaneous injury and blistering. Our studies show that topical exposure of NM (3.2mg) onto SKH-1 hairless mouse skin, not only caused skin injury, but also led to significant body weight loss and 40-80% mortality (120 h post-exposure), suggesting its systemic effects. Accordingly, further studies herein show that NM exposure initiated an increase in circulating white blood cells by 24h (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and thereafter a decrease (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes). NM exposure also reduced both white and red pulp areas of the spleen. In the small intestine, NM exposure caused loss of membrane integrity of the surface epithelium, abnormal structure of glands and degeneration of villi. NM exposure also resulted in the dilation of glomerular capillaries of kidneys, and an increase in blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. Our results here with NM are consistent with earlier reports that exposure to higher SM levels can cause damage to the hematopoietic system, and kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal tract toxicity. These outcomes will add to our understanding of the toxic effects of topical vesicant exposure, which might be helpful towards developing effective countermeasures against injuries from acute topical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Inturi S, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Activation of DNA damage repair pathways in response to nitrogen mustard-induced DNA damage and toxicity in skin keratinocytes. Mutat Res 2014; 763-764:53-63. [PMID: 24732344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM), a structural analog of chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM), forms adducts and crosslinks with DNA, RNA and proteins. Here we studied the mechanism of NM-induced skin toxicity in response to double strand breaks (DSBs) resulting in cell cycle arrest to facilitate DNA repair, as a model for developing countermeasures against vesicant-induced skin injuries. NM exposure of mouse epidermal JB6 cells decreased cell growth and caused S-phase arrest. Consistent with these biological outcomes, NM exposure also increased comet tail extent moment and the levels of DNA DSB repair molecules phospho H2A.X Ser139 and p53 Ser15 indicating NM-induced DNA DSBs. Since DNA DSB repair occurs via non homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways, next we studied these two pathways and noted their activation as defined by an increase in phospho- and total DNA-PK levels, and the formation of Rad51 foci, respectively. To further analyze the role of these pathways in the cellular response to NM-induced cytotoxicity, NHEJ and HRR were inhibited by DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026 and Rad51 inhibitor BO2, respectively. Inhibition of NHEJ did not sensitize cells to NM-induced decrease in cell growth and cell cycle arrest. However, inhibition of the HRR pathway caused a significant increase in cell death, and prolonged G2M arrest following NM exposure. Together, our findings, indicating that HRR is the key pathway involved in the repair of NM-induced DNA DSBs, could be useful in developing new therapeutic strategies against vesicant-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anchutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Dachir S, Cohen M, Sahar R, Graham J, Eisenkraft A, Horwitz V, Kadar T. Beneficial effects of activated macrophages on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous burns, anin vivoexperience. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 33:317-26. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.877023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Horwitz V, Dachir S, Cohen M, Gutman H, Cohen L, Fishbine E, Brandeis R, Turetz J, Amir A, Gore A, Kadar T. The beneficial effects of doxycycline, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, on sulfur mustard-induced ocular pathologies depend on the injury stage. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:803-12. [PMID: 24502433 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.874443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulfur mustard (SM) induces acute ocular lesions, including erosions and inflammation that may be followed by delayed injuries expressed by epithelial defects and neovascularization (NV). Based on the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, we evaluated the clinical and biochemical effects of topical treatment with doxycycline, an MMP inhibitor, targeted to the various injury stages. METHODS Rabbit eyes were exposed to SM vapor. A clinical follow-up was carried out up to 2 months. Tear fluid and cornea samples were collected at different time points for measurements of MMPs activity by zymography. Efficacy of a post-exposure topical doxycycline (2 mg/ml in phosphate buffer saline, ×4/d), targeted to the different phases of the clinical injury, was evaluated. RESULTS Elevated MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities were found in all corneas during the acute injury and in vascularized corneas during the delayed pathology. In the tear fluid, high MMP-9 activity and negligible MMP-2 activity were found in all the exposed eyes until after the appearance of the delayed pathology symptoms. Prolonged doxycycline treatment reduced MMP-9 activity in the tear fluid. During the acute phase, doxycycline treatment reduced corneal MMP-9 activity and the severity of the injury. Targeting the delayed pathology, doxycycline was clinically efficient only when treatment began before NV appearance. CONCLUSIONS This in vivo study showed the involvement of MMP-9 and MMP-2 during different phases of the SM-induced ocular injury, and the potential of doxycycline treatment as a post exposure measure for reducing the acute injury and as a preventive therapy for ameliorating the delayed pathology. The tear fluid provided a non-invasive method for continuous follow-up of MMPs activity and revealed additional beneficial aspects of injury and the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Horwitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research , Ness Ziona , Israel
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Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of nitrogen mustard-induced cutaneous effects in SKH-1 hairless and C57BL/6 mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:129-38. [PMID: 24373750 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a vesicant warfare agent which causes severe skin injuries. Currently, we lack effective antidotes against SM-induced skin injuries, in part due to lack of appropriate animal model(s) that can be used for efficacy studies in laboratory settings to identify effective therapies. Therefore, to develop a relevant mouse skin injury model, we examined the effects of nitrogen mustard (NM), a primary vesicant and a bifunctional alkylating agent that induces toxic effects comparable to SM. Specifically, we conducted histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of several applicable cutaneous pathological lesions following skin NM (3.2mg) exposure for 12-120h in SKH-1 and C57BL/6 mice. NM caused a significant increase in epidermal thickness, incidence of microvesication, cell proliferation, apoptotic cell death, inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells) and myleoperoxidase activity in the skin of both mouse strains. However, there was a more prominent NM-induced increase in epidermal thickness, and macrophages and mast cell infiltration, in SKH-1 mice relative to what was seen in C57BL/6 mice. NM also caused collagen degradation and edema at early time points (12-24h); however, at later time points (72 and 120h), dense collagen staining was observed, indicating either water loss or start of integument repair in both the mouse strains. This study provides quantitative measurement of NM-induced histopathological and immunohistochemical cutaneous lesions in both hairless and haired mouse strains that could serve as useful tools for screening and identification of effective therapies for treatment of skin injuries due to NM and SM.
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Historical perspective on effects and treatment of sulfur mustard injuries. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:512-22. [PMID: 23816402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) is a potent vesicating chemical warfare agent that poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. Significant SM injuries can take several months to heal, necessitate lengthy hospitalizations, and result in long-term complications affecting the skin, eyes, and lungs. This report summarizes initial and ongoing (chronic) clinical findings from SM casualties from the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), with an emphasis on cutaneous injury. In addition, we describe the cutaneous manifestations and treatment of several men recently and accidentally exposed to SM in the United States. Common, chronic cutaneous problems being reported in the Iranian casualties include pruritis (the primary complaint), burning, pain, redness, desquamation, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, erythematous papular rash, xerosis, multiple cherry angiomas, atrophy, dermal scarring, hypertrophy, and sensitivity to mechanical injury with recurrent blistering and ulceration. Chronic ocular problems include keratitis, photophobia, persistent tearing, sensation of foreign body, corneal thinning and ulceration, vasculitis of the cornea and conjunctiva, and limbal stem cell deficiency. Chronic pulmonary problems include decreases in lung function, bronchitis with hyper-reactive airways, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, stenosis of the trachea and other large airways, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, decreased total lung capacity, and increased incidences of lung cancer, pulmonary infections, and tuberculosis. There are currently no standardized or optimized methods of casualty management; current treatment strategy consists of symptomatic management and is designed to relieve symptoms, prevent infections, and promote healing. New strategies are needed to provide for optimal and rapid healing, with the goals of (a) returning damaged tissue to optimal appearance and normal function in the shortest period of time, and (b) ameliorating chronic effects. Further experimental research and clinical trials will be needed to prevent or mitigate the acute clinical effects of SM exposure and to reduce or eliminate the long-term manifestations.
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Roshan R, Rahnama P, Ghazanfari Z, Montazeri A, Soroush MR, Naghizadeh MM, Melyani M, Tavoli A, Ghazanfari T. Long-term effects of sulfur mustard on civilians' mental health 20 years after exposure (The Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013; 11:69. [PMID: 23618038 PMCID: PMC3641015 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent that induces short and long term toxicity on various organs. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term psychological symptoms among samples of exposed to sulfur mustard gas compared with unexposed civilians 20 years after exposure. Methods This historical cohort study was conducted on 495 civilians of Sardasht and Rabat in two age matched groups, including 367 sulfur mustard exposed participants from Sardasht and 128 unexposed subjects from Rabat. Psychological symptoms was assessed using the Symptom Check List-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) including measures of somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism providing three global distress indices namely: Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Total (PST) and Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI). Comparison was made between exposed and unexposed civilians. Results There were significant differences in somatization (P = 0.002), obsessive-compulsive (P = 0.031), depression (P = 0.007), anxiety (P = 0.042), and hostility (P = 0.002), between the exposed and unexposed groups. In addition there were significant differences between two groups concerning the GSI (P = 0.045) and the PSDI (P < 0.001). The differences between two groups in other subscales were not significant. Conclusions The findings from this study showed that civilians who exposed to sulfur mustard gas were suffering from a number of psychological symptoms even 20 years after exposure. Providing mental health services and more resource allocation for this community are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Roshan
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Kumar V, Anslyn EV. A Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Sensor for Sulfur Mustard Simulants. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6338-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401845e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
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Kumar V, Anslyn EV. A selective and sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of a sulfur mustard simulant. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Dachir S, Cohen M, Kamus-Elimeleh D, Fishbine E, Sahar R, Gez R, Brandeis R, Horwitz V, Kadar T. Characterization of acute and long-term pathologies of superficial and deep dermal sulfur mustard skin lesions in the hairless guinea pig model. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:852-61. [PMID: 23082902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard induces severe acute and prolonged damage to the skin and only partially effective treatments are available. We have previously validated the use of hairless guinea pigs as an experimental model for skin lesions. The present study aimed to characterize a model of a deep dermal lesion and to compare it with the previously described superficial lesion. Clinical evaluation of the lesions was conducted using reflectance colorimetry, trans-epidermal water loss and wound area measurements. Prostaglandin E(2) content, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 activity, and histopathology were conducted up to 4 weeks post-exposure. Sulfur mustard skin injury, including erythema and edema, impairment of skin barrier and wounds developed in a dose-dependent manner. Prostaglandin E(2) content and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 activities were elevated during the wound development and the healing process. Histological evaluation revealed severe damage to the epidermis and deep dermis and vesications. At 4 weeks postexposure, healing was not completed: significantly impaired stratum corneum, absence of hair follicles, and epidermal hyperplasia were observed. These results confirm the use of the superficial and deep dermal skin injuries in the hairless guinea pigs as suitable models that can be utilized for the investigation of the pathological processes of acute as well as long-term injuries. These models will be further used to develop treatments to improve the healing process and prevent skin damage and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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