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de Oliveira M, Melo ESDP, da Silva TC, Cardozo CML, Siqueira IV, Hamaji MP, Braga VT, Martin LFT, Fonseca A, do Nascimento VA. Quantification of Metal(loid)s in Lubricating Eye Drops Used in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:6508. [PMID: 37764284 PMCID: PMC10536462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metal(loid)s in lubricating eye drops used in the treatment of dry eye disease. The concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn were determined in 19 eye drop samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the quantified elements ranged from 0.0002-0.0363 (mg/L) and 0.0007-0.1211 (mg/L), respectively. High values of concentrations of Al (2.382 µg/g), As (0.204 µg/g), Ba (0.056 µg/g), Cd (0.051 µg/g), Co (1.085 µg/g), Cr (0.020 µg/g), Cu (0.023 µg/g), Fe (0.453 µg/g), Mg (24.284 µg/g), Mn (0.014 µg/g), Mo (0.046 µg/g), Ni (0.071 µg/g), Pb (0.049 µg/g), Se (0.365 µg/g), V (0.083 µg/g), and Zn (0.552 µg/g) were quantified in samples of eye drops with and without preservatives. The concentrations of As (5 samples) and Cd (3 samples) were higher than those allowed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia for impurities (parenteral use). The value of Co content (µg/g) in a sample was higher than the value established by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH Q3D (R2)) in the parenteral route. The daily eye drop instillation exposure (µg/day) was below the values from the parenteral-permitted daily exposure (PDE) set by the ICH Q3D guideline (R2). The presence of heavy metals in eye drops is an alert to regulatory agencies in several countries so that control and inspections can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Elaine S. de Pádua Melo
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Thaís Carvalho da Silva
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Carla Maiara Lopes Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Igor Valadares Siqueira
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Mariana Pereira Hamaji
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Vanessa Torres Braga
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Taranta Martin
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fonseca
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
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Mendoza-Aldaba I, López-Valdez N, Cervantes-Valencia ME, Fortoul TI. Vanadium inhalation effects on the corneal ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF): study in a murine model. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:49-54. [PMID: 36755405 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2177668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Air pollution is a public health problem caused by predatory human activities and the indiscriminate burning of fossil fuels that liberate particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere. Vanadium (V) adheres to them and reaches the bloodstream and different organs such as the eye when inhaled. Another way to reach the eye is by direct contact, and the cornea is the first layer exposed. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is secreted by the corneal nerves and some of its functions include self-renewal maintenance and wound healing by the activation of STAT3. Previous reports from our group indicate the activation of STAT3 after the inhalation of V, adhered to PM. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of V inhalation in the expression of CNTF. Method: CD-1 male mice were exposed for 4 and 8 weeks to V inhalation. The eyes were removed, and the corneas were processed for immunohistochemistry for CNTF and analysed by densitometry. The same slides were used to evaluate histological modifications and to measure the corneas' anterior epithelial and endothelial thickness. RESULTS A decrease in CNTF expression in the anterior epithelium in the 8th week, as well as an increase in the endothelial and corneal thickness and disarray of all the layers of the anterior epithelium. CONCLUSION V inhalation disturbs the architecture of the cornea and modifies the presence of CNTF which might modify the renewal of the corneas after exposure to PM air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Mendoza-Aldaba
- Department of Social Service, School of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Nelly López-Valdez
- Department in Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia
- Department in Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Teresa Imelda Fortoul
- Department in Cellular and Tissular Biology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, México
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Rojas-Lemus M, López-Valdez N, Bizarro-Nevares P, González-Villalva A, Ustarroz-Cano M, Zepeda-Rodríguez A, Pasos-Nájera F, García-Peláez I, Rivera-Fernández N, Fortoul TI. Toxic Effects of Inhaled Vanadium Attached to Particulate Matter: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168457. [PMID: 34444206 PMCID: PMC8391836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem recognized by the World Health Organization as a major health risk factor that affects low-, middle- and high-income countries. Suspended particulate matter is among the most dangerous pollutants, since it contains toxicologically relevant agents, such as metals, including vanadium. Vanadium is a transition metal that is emitted into the atmosphere especially by the burning of fossil fuels to which dwellers are exposed. The objective of this literature review is to describe the toxic effects of vanadium and its compounds when they enter the body by inhalation, based especially on the results of a murine experimental model that elucidates the systemic effects that vanadium has on living organisms. To achieve this goal, we reviewed 85 articles on the relevance of vanadium as a component of particulate matter and its toxic effects. Throughout several years of research with the murine experimental model, we have shown that this element generates adverse effects in all the systems evaluated, because it causes immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and reprotoxicity, among other noxious effects. The results with this experimental model add evidence of the effects generated by environmental pollutants and increase the body of evidence that can lead us to make more intelligent environmental decisions for the welfare of all living beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rojas-Lemus
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Nelly López-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Patricia Bizarro-Nevares
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana González-Villalva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Martha Ustarroz-Cano
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Armando Zepeda-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Francisco Pasos-Nájera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Isabel García-Peláez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.R.-L.); (N.L.-V.); (P.B.-N.); (A.G.-V.); (M.U.-C.); (A.Z.-R.); (F.P.-N.); (I.G.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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