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Dantas A, Pierezan MD, Camelo-Silva C, Zanetti V, Pimentel TC, da Cruz AG, Verruck S. A discussion on A1-free milk: Nuances and comments beyond implications to the health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:197-241. [PMID: 38906587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overarching view of the multifaceted aspects of milk β-casein, focusing on its genetic variants A1 and A2. The work examines the current landscape of A1-free milk versus regular milk, delving into health considerations, protein detection methods, technological impacts on dairy production, non-bovine protein, and potential avenues for future research. Firstly, it discussed ongoing debates surrounding categorizing milk based on A1 and A2 β-casein variants, highlighting challenges in establishing clear regulatory standards and quality control methods. The chapter also addressed the molecular distinction between A1 and A2 variants at position 67 of the amino acid chain. This trait affects protein conformation, casein micelle properties, and enzymatic susceptibility. Variations in β-casein across animal species are acknowledged, casting doubt on non-bovine claims of "A2-like" milk due to terminology and genetic differences. Lastly, this work explores the burgeoning field of biotechnology in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Dantas
- Food Quality and Technology, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Milena Dutra Pierezan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Callebe Camelo-Silva
- Department of Food Chemistry and Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Zanetti
- Food Quality and Technology, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvani Verruck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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2
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Pacheco AIP. Cataractogenesis and molecular pathways, with reactive free oxygen species as a common pathway. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00144-3. [PMID: 37944599 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Slowing down or stopping the natural process of cataractogenesis is certainly a challenge for those who today propose an option other than surgery. Addressing the same problem in different ways constitutes a new approach to solving what is today the number one cause of reversible blindness worldwide. The technological revolution, as well as the advances in the biological sciences, allows us to conceive mechanisms never thought of before to stop the process that, as a common pathway, constitutes opacification of the crystalline lens. A new dawn for cataracts is coming through molecular, newly-discovered mechanisms. Cataractogenesis and molecular pathways have reactive free oxygen species as a common pathway. Surgical removal is today's gold standard, but perhaps not for much longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Iván Pérez Pacheco
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Medical Science, Ophthalmological General Teaching Center Hospital "Dr. Enrique Cabrera", Havana, Cuba.
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3
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Hong Y, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang S, Lu Y, Ji Y. ceRNA network construction and identification of hub genes as novel therapeutic targets for age-related cataracts using bioinformatics. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15054. [PMID: 36987450 PMCID: PMC10040182 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of age-related cataract (ARC). Methods We obtained the transcriptome datafile of th ree ARC samples and three healthy, age-matched samples and used differential expression analyses to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The differential lncRNA-associated competing endogenous (ceRNA) network, and the protein-protein network (PPI) were constructed using Cytoscape and STRING. Cluster analyses were performed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the hub genes affecting ARC progression. To verify the immune status of the ARC patients, immune-associated analyses were also conducted. Results The PPI network identified the FOXO1 gene as the hub gene with the highest score, as calculated by the Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) algorithm. The ceRNA network identified lncRNAs H19, XIST, TTTY14, and MEG3 and hub genes FOXO1, NOTCH3, CDK6, SPRY2, and CA2 as playing key roles in regulating the pathogenesis of ARC. Additionally, the identified hub genes showed no significant correlation with an immune response but were highly correlated with cell metabolism, including cysteine, methionine, and galactose. Discussion The findings of this study may provide clues toward ARC pathogenic mechanisms and may be of significance for future therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghong Ji
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Yang X, Zhang F, Liu X, Meng J, Du S, Shao J, Liu J, Fang M. FOXO4 mediates resistance to oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells by modulating the TRIM25/Nrf2 signaling. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113340. [PMID: 36075446 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress damage to the lens is a key factor in most cataracts. Forkhead box O 4 (FOXO4), a member of the forkhead box O family, plays a pivotal role in oxidative stress. FOXO4 is upregulated in lens of age-related cataract patients, but its role in cataract has not been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the role and mechanism of FOXO4 during oxidative stress damage in lens epithelial cells. H2O2 treatment enhanced FOXO4 expression in HLEpiC cells. Short hairpin RNAs mediated FOXO4 silence aggravated H2O2-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, upon H2O2 exposure, silencing of FOXO4 reduced SOD and CAT activities, as well as increased intracellular MDA and ROS levels. FOXO4 silencing also inhibited Nrf2 nuclear translocation, followed by reducing the expressions of Nrf2-governed antioxidant genes HO-1 and NOQ-1. Exogenous overexpression of FOXO4 was also involved in this study and exhibited opposite effects of FOXO4-silencing. Mechanistically, FOXO4 directly bound the promoter of TRIM25 and regulated its transcription, thereby activating the Nrf2 signaling. Taken together, in the condition of oxidative stress, the expression of FOXO4 showed a compensatory upregulation and it exhibited an anti-oxidative effect by modulating the transcription of TRIM25, thus activating the Nrf2 signaling. The FOXO4/TRIM25/Nrf2 axis may be associated with the pathological mechanisms of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingzhi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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5
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Amalfitano N, Macedo Mota LF, Rosa GJM, Cecchinato A, Bittante G. Role of CSN2, CSN3, and BLG genes and the polygenic background in the cattle milk protein profile. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6001-6020. [PMID: 35525618 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To devise better selection strategies in dairy cattle breeding programs, a deeper knowledge of the role of the major genes encoding for milk protein fractions is required. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of the CSN2, CSN3, and BLG genotypes on individual protein fractions (αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, κ-CN, β-LG, α-LA) expressed qualitatively as percentages of total nitrogen content (% N), quantitatively as contents in milk (g/L), and as daily production levels (g/d). Individual milk samples were collected from 1,264 Brown Swiss cows reared in 85 commercial herds in Trento Province (northeast Italy). A total of 989 cows were successfully genotyped using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 v.2 BeadChip (Illumina Inc.), and a genomic relationship matrix was constructed using the 37,519 SNP markers obtained. Milk protein fractions were quantified and the β-CN, κ-CN, and β-LG genetic variants were identified by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). All protein fractions were analyzed through a Bayesian multitrait animal model implemented via Gibbs sampling. The effects of days in milk, parity order, and the CSN2, CSN3, and BLG genotypes were assigned flat priors in this model, whereas the effects of herd and animal additive genetic were assigned Gaussian prior distributions, and inverse Wishart distributions were assumed for the respective co-variance matrices. Marginal posterior distributions of the parameters of interest were compared before and after the inclusion of the effects of the 3 major genes in the model. The results showed that a high portion of the genetic variance was controlled by the major genes. This was particularly apparent in the qualitative protein profile, which was found to have a higher heritability than the protein fraction contents in milk and their daily yields. When the genes were included individually in the model, CSN2 was the major gene controlling all the casein fractions except for κ-CN, which was controlled directly by the CSN3 gene. The BLG gene had the most influence on the 2 whey proteins. The genetic correlations showed the major genes had only a small effect on the relationships between the protein fractions, but through comparison of the correlation coefficients of the proteins expressed in different ways they revealed potential mechanisms of regulation and competitive synthesis in the mammary gland. The estimates for the effects of the CSN2 and CSN3 genes on protein profiles showed overexpression of protein synthesis in the presence of the B allele in the genotype. Conversely, the β-LG B variant was associated with a lower concentration of β-LG compared with the β-LG A variant, independently of how the protein fractions were expressed, and it was followed by downregulation (or upregulation in the case of the β-LG B) of all other protein fractions. These results should be borne in mind when seeking to design more efficient selection programs aimed at improving milk quality for the efficiency of dairy industry and the effect of dairy products on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Amalfitano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Lucio Flavio Macedo Mota
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Guilherme J M Rosa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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6
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Bovine β-Casomorphins: Friends or Foes? A comprehensive assessment of evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Fundamentals of Diabetic Cataractogenesis and Promising Ways of its Pharmacological Correction. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2021-6.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts in diabetes mellitus lead to decreased visual function and blindness. Cataract surgery for diabetes mellitus has limitations and complications. The search for effective means of conservative cataract therapy continues. The review presents the analysis of data from scientific sources, mainly for 2015–2020 using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, eLibrary.Ru, Cyberleninka). In the work, diabetic cataractogenesis is presented as a sum of interrelated pathobiochemical processes. The main ones are the polyol pathway of glucose conversion, non-enzymatic glycation and oxidative modification of lens proteins, which are enhanced in diabetes mellitus. The lens has a high protein content. The formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates is of particular importance for the appearance of light scattering zones and a decrease in lens transparency. This review presents data on anti-cataract compounds that affect post-translational crystallin modification, prevent osmotic and oxidative stress in the lens, and exhibit antiglycation properties. This information shows that the search for means of pharmacological correction of cataractogenesis should be carried out among compounds with antioxidant and antiglycation activity.
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8
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Daniloski D, Cunha NM, McCarthy NA, O'Callaghan TF, McParland S, Vasiljevic T. Health-related outcomes of genetic polymorphism of bovine β-casein variants: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Keratin Scaffolds Containing Casomorphin Stimulate Macrophage Infiltration and Accelerate Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092554. [PMID: 33925737 PMCID: PMC8125279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is a major medical challenge, especially in diabetics. Over the centuries, the main goal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been to invent biomaterials that accelerate the wound healing process. In this context, keratin-derived biomaterial is a promising candidate due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we evaluated an insoluble fraction of keratin containing casomorphin as a wound dressing in a full-thickness surgical skin wound model in mice (n = 20) with iatrogenically induced diabetes. Casomorphin, an opioid peptide with analgesic properties, was incorporated into keratin and shown to be slowly released from the dressing. An in vitro study showed that keratin-casomorphin dressing is biocompatible, non-toxic, and supports cell growth. In vivo experiments demonstrated that keratin-casomorphin dressing significantly (p < 0.05) accelerates the whole process of skin wound healing to the its final stage. Wounds covered with keratin-casomorphin dressing underwent reepithelization faster, ending up with a thicker epidermis than control wounds, as confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. This investigated dressing stimulated macrophages infiltration, which favors tissue remodeling and regeneration, unlike in the control wounds in which neutrophils predominated. Additionally, in dressed wounds, the number of microhemorrhages was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared with control wounds. The dressing was naturally incorporated into regenerating tissue during the wound healing process. Applied keratin dressing favored reconstruction of more regular skin structure and assured better cosmetic outcome in terms of scar formation and appearance. Our results have shown that insoluble keratin wound dressing containing casomorphin supports skin wound healing in diabetic mice.
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10
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Thiruvengadam M, Venkidasamy B, Thirupathi P, Chung IM, Subramanian U. β-Casomorphin: A complete health perspective. Food Chem 2020; 337:127765. [PMID: 32799161 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is a heptapeptide dietary molecule derived from the digestion of the β-casein of dairy and dairy products. In this review, we have covered the extensive details about BCM and its derived peptides out of the gastrointestinal and enzymatic digestion of milk and milk products, its structure and properties, and its immunological aspects related to human health among infants and adults of both genders. We have left judgment about BCM's pros and cons to the reader by describing the details in a cyclopedic perspective. In addition, a section on the possible ways to detect BCMs from their sources using proteomics, genome-based techniques, such as PCR and aptamers, and other analytical techniques equip the reader to get an idea about the details of the diagnostics available and possible applications in future. Overall, this review will provide information to the end-users of milk and milk products to enable them to make their own decisions about BCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhu Thirupathi
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Summer A, Di Frangia F, Ajmone Marsan P, De Noni I, Malacarne M. Occurrence, biological properties and potential effects on human health of β-casomorphin 7: Current knowledge and concerns. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3705-3723. [PMID: 32033519 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1707157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variant A1 of bovine β-casein (β-Cn) presents a His residue at a position 67 of the mature protein. This feature makes the Ile66-His67 bond more vulnerable to enzymatic cleavage, determining the release of the peptide β-Cn f(60-66), named β-casomorphin 7 (BCM7). BCM7 is an opioid-agonist for μ receptors, and it has been hypothesized to be involved in the development of different non-transmissible diseases in humans. In the last decade, studies have provided additional results on the potential health impact of β-Cn A1 and BCM7. These studies, here reviewed, highlighted a relation between the consumption of β-Cn A1 (and its derivative BCM7) and the increase of inflammatory response as well as discomfort at the gastrointestinal level. Conversely, the role of BCM7 and the effects of ingestion of β-Cn A1 on the onset or worsening of other non-transmissible diseases as caused or favored by still need proof of evidence. Overall, the reviewed literature demonstrates that the "β-Cn A1/BCM7 issue" remains an intriguing but not exhaustively explained topic in human nutrition. On this basis, policies in favor of breeding for β-Cn variants not releasing BCM7 and consumption of "A1-like" milk appear not yet sound for a healthier and safer nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA) and Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Center (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ivano De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Malacarne
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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12
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Yang J, Zhao S, Tian F. SP1-mediated lncRNA PVT1 modulates the proliferation and apoptosis of lens epithelial cells in diabetic cataract via miR-214-3p/MMP2 axis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:554-561. [PMID: 31755246 PMCID: PMC6933388 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence illustrates the critical roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the diabetes. However, the deepgoing regulation of lncRNA PVT1 in the diabetic cataract (DC) is still unclear. Here, present research investigates the pathologic roles and underlying mechanism by which lncRNA PVT1 regulates the DC pathogenesis. Human lens epithelial (HLE) B-3 cells were induced by the high glucose (HG) to simulate the DC microenvironment models. Results revealed that lncRNA PVT1 expression was up-regulated in the HG-induced HLE B-3 cells as compared to the normal glucose group. Transcription factor SP1 could bind with the promoter region of PVT1 and activate its transcription. Functionally, PVT1 knock-down could repress the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HLE B-3 cells. Mechanistically, PVT1 acted as the 'miRNA sponge' to target miR-214-3p/MMP2 axis. This finding revealed a novel insight of lncRNA PVT1 for the DC pathogenesis, providing an inspiration for the DC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye HospitalTianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and OphthalmologyTianjinChina
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye HospitalTianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and OphthalmologyTianjinChina
| | - Fang Tian
- Tianjin Medical University Eye HospitalTianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and OphthalmologyTianjinChina
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13
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Li X, Meng F, Li H, Hua X, Wu L, Yuan X. L‑carnitine alleviates oxidative stress‑related damage via MAPK signaling in human lens epithelial cells exposed to H2O2. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1515-1522. [PMID: 31364739 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L‑carnitine (LC) is well known for its antioxidative properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of LC on human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) and to analyze its regulatory mechanism in cataractogenesis. HLE B‑3 cells were cultured with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and were pretreated with or without LC. The Cell Counting kit‑8 assay was used to determine cell viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was used to measure the cellular ROS production induced by H2O2 and LC. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression levels of oxidative damage markers and antioxidant enzymes. Notably, ROS overproduction was observed upon exposure to H2O2, whereas LC supplementation markedly decreased ROS levels through activation of the antioxidant enzymes forkhead box O1, peroxiredoxin 4 and catalase. Furthermore, LC suppressed the expression of apoptosis‑associated genes (caspase-3) and inflammation‑associated genes [interleukin (IL)1, IL6, IL8 and cyclooxygenase‑2]. Conversely, LC promoted proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin‑dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4 expression, which may increase proliferation of HLECs that were incubated with H2O2. In addition, epithelial‑mesenchymal transition occurred upon ROS accumulation, whereas the effects of H2O2 on AQP1 and vimentin expression were reversed upon LC supplementation. Notably, this study revealed that LC restored the oxidant/antioxidant balance and protected against cell damage through the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, LC may serve a protective role in curbing oxidative damage and therefore may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Fanlan Meng
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Xia Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Li'an Wu
- Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
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14
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Fang W, Ye Q, Yao Y, Xiu Y, Gu F, Zhu Y. Protective Effects of Trimetazidine in Retarding Selenite-Induced Lens Opacification. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:1325-1336. [PMID: 31284779 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1633359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Cataracts are the leading cause of vision loss worldwide, and the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the foremost underlying cause of cataracts. Reducing ROS levels can efficiently prevent lens opacification, as evidenced by many studies. Here, we inhibited ROS overproduction with trimetazidine (TMZ), which is an antioxidant, to explore the therapeutic effects of TMZ and the mechanism of lens opacification.Materials and methods: Sodium selenite-induced cataract formation resulted in a significant loss of lens transparency. This effect could be efficiently rescued by TMZ, which was further found to be an inhibitor of ROS production, as determined by assaying oxidative stress-related parameters (SOD activity, MDA, ·OH and H2O2 levels) during cataract formation. The experimental protocols involving animal research were approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University and conducted according to the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology under the guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act (SYXK 2015-0009).Results: Our study found that TMZ can retard the onset and progression of lens opacification in vivo in experiments using Sprague-Dawley (SD) suckling rats and can rescue the morphology of HLEB3 cells in vitro. The flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assays showed that TMZ could prevent sodium selenite-induced apoptosis. The western blot analysing showed that the levels of apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 and Nrf2 were dramatically decreased following the sodium selenite treatment. In addition, the bisulfate DNA sequencing revealed that the demethylation of CpGs in the promoter region of Keap1 was stimulated, and that this demethylation could be inhibited by TMZ by rescuing the Nrf2 expression level.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the antioxidant TMZ strongly reduces ROS production, which ultimately delays the progression of cataract formation, suggesting that treatment with TMZ represents a novel, promising antioxidant protection to retard cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yihua Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanghui Xiu
- Eye Institute & Xiamen Eye Centre, Affiliated Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihua Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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