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Yilmaz I, Akata I, Horoz E, Kaya E. Lepiota castanea mushroom growing in Turkiye does not contain phallotoxins and amatoxins. Toxicon 2024; 243:107736. [PMID: 38670498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The number of poisoning cases caused by the Lepiota genus is globally increasing. This genus has more poisonous species than the Amanita genus, and many Lepiota species can cause severe toxicity and death if ingested. As recognized in the literature, L. castanea is a toxic species containing amatoxin. Although crude analytical methods have shown that L. castanea contains amatoxins, more recent and sensitive analyses suggest otherwise. Toxin concentrations can vary even among the same fungal species due to geographical and climatic differences. Therefore, this confusion can be resolved by analyzing L. castanea toxins from different geographical regions. This study aimed to demonstrate the toxin levels of L. castanea collected from forests in different regions of Turkiye (Istanbul and Kocaeli) using sensitive methods. The collected mushrooms were analyzed for alpha amanitin, beta amanitin, gamma amanitin, amanin, phallacidin, and phalloidin levels using RP-HPLC-UV and LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. L. castanea mushroom was found to be free of amatoxin and phallotoxin. Our study revealed for the first time that L. castanea mushrooms from different geographical regions of Turkiye do not contain amatoxin and phallotoxin. Supporting these findings with new studies from different parts of the world would be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Yilmaz
- Izmir Kâtip Celebi University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35360, Karabaglar, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Ankara University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06560, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ersan Horoz
- Izmir Kâtip Celebi University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35360, Karabaglar, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ertugrul Kaya
- Nigde Omer Halisdemir University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 51240, Nigde, Turkey
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Sarawi S, Shi YN, Lotz-Winter H, Reschke K, Bode HB, Piepenbring M. Occurrence and chemotaxonomical analysis of amatoxins in Lepiota spp. (Agaricales). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113069. [PMID: 34965486 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
About 95% of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide are caused by amatoxins and phallotoxins mostly produced by species of Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. The genus Lepiota is supposed to include a high number of species producing amatoxins. In this study, we investigated 16 species of Lepiota based on 48 recently collected specimens for the presence of amatoxins by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By comparing the retention times, UV absorptions, and diagnostic MS fragment ions with data obtained from the benchmark species Amanita phalloides, we detected α-amanitin and γ-amanitin in Lepiota subincarnata, α-amanitin and amaninamide in Lepiota brunneoincarnata, and β-amanitin and α-amanitin in Lepiota elaiophylla. Phallotoxins have not been detected any of these species. Two possibly undescribed amatoxin derivatives were found in Lepiota boudieri and L. elaiophylla, as well as one further non-amatoxin compound in one specimen of L. cf. boudieri. These compounds might be used to differentiate L. elaiophylla from L. xanthophylla and species within the L. boudieri species complex. No amatoxins were detected in L. aspera, L. castanea, L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. erminea, L. felina, L. fuscovinacea, L. lilacea, L. magnispora, L. oreadiformis, L. pseudolilacea, L. sp. (SeSa 5), and L. subalba. By combining the occurrence data of amatoxins with a phylogenetic analysis, a monophyletic group of amatoxin containing species of Lepiota is evident. These chemotaxonomic results highlight the relevance of systematic relationships for the occurrence of amatoxins and expand our knowledge about the toxicity of species of Lepiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepas Sarawi
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yan-Ni Shi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermine Lotz-Winter
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kai Reschke
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Akata I, Yilmaz I, Kaya E, Coskun NC, Donmez M. Toxin components and toxicological importance of Galerina marginata from Turkey. Toxicon 2020; 187:29-34. [PMID: 32866473 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amatoxins, most of which are hepatotoxic, can cause fatal intoxication. While mushrooms in the amatoxin-containing Galerina genus are rare, they can poison humans and animals worldwide. Few studies have profiled the toxicity of Galerina marginata. In addition, many studies indicate that macrofungi can have different characteristics in different regions. In this study, the quantities of toxins present in G. marginata from different provinces in Turkey were analysed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (RP-HPLC-UV) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). G. marginata samples were collected from three different regions of Turkey. The taxonomic categorization of mushrooms was based on their micro- and macroscopic characteristics. The presence of toxins α-amanitin (AA), β-amanitin (BA), γ-amanitin (GA), phalloidin (PHD) and phallacidin (PHC) quantities were measured using RP-HPLC-UV and then were confirmed using LC-ESI-MS/MS. BA levels were higher than AA levels in G. marginata mushrooms collected from all three regions. Moreover, the levels of GA were below the detection limit and no phallotoxins were detected. This is the first study to identify and test the toxicity of G. marginata collected from three different regions of Turkey using RP-HPLC-UV. This is also the first study to confirm the UV absorption of amatoxins in G. marginata using LC-ESI-MS/MS, which is a far more sensitive process. More studies evaluating the toxicity of G. marginata in other geographic regions of the world are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgaz Akata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Izmir Kâtip Celebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ertugrul Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Nuri Cenk Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mert Donmez
- Department of Natural, Herbal and Cosmetic Products, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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Angelini C, Vizzini A, Justo A, Bizzi A, Davoli P, Kaya E. First Report of a Neotropical Agaric ( Lepiota spiculata, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) Containing Lethal α-Amanitin at Toxicologically Relevant Levels. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1833. [PMID: 32849433 PMCID: PMC7432468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent collection of Lepiota spiculata from the Dominican Republic is presented here. Macro- and micromorphological features of L. spiculata are described in detail, and its evolutionary (phylogenetic) position within Lepiota sect. Ovisporae, in the subincarnata/brunneoincarnata clade, is assessed on the basis of a combined nrLSU + nrITS + rpb2 + tef1 analysis. Additionally, high levels of deadly amatoxins were detected and quantified in L. spiculata for the first time by HPLC analysis; in particular, α-amanitin was found at concentrations up to approximately 4 mg/g dry weight, which render L. spiculata a potentially lethal mushroom, if ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Angelini
- National Botanical Garden of Santo Domingo (JBSD), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Alfredo Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ertuğrul Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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