Roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SM-induced pathologies

Effects of N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Expression of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Testicular Tissue of Rats Exposed to Lead

BACKGROUND

Lead occupational exposure is now a main concern in the modern world. Lead is a non-biodegradable element with multi-devastating effects on different organs. Acute or chronic exposure to lead is reported to be one of the most important causes of infertility both in males and females basically by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

OBJECTIVES

The current study scrutinized the mitigating effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on lead toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptotic/anti-apoptotic genes in the testis tissues of male rats.

METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into a control group (G1) and four study groups treated with single and continuous doses of lead with and without NAC administration. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were analyzed as oxidative stress biomarkers and the expression of apoptosis-related genes was studied using RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Continuous exposure to lead caused a significant decrease in sperm count, motility, viability, and morphology (P < 0.001). Number of germinal cells, Leydig cells, spermatocytes, and the diameter of seminiferous tubule were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in G3 group. Continuous exposure to lead significantly decreased TAC content, but increased the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG (P < 0.001). Administration of continuous dose of lead dramatically increased expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Cytochrome-C, MMP2, and MMP9 genes in testicular tissue. NAC treatments not only improved morphological changes and sperm quality, but also enhanced antioxidant balance and modulated apoptosis process in testicular tissue of rats.

CONCLUSION

Lead exposure strongly motivated testicular cells towards apoptosis, caused an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, and decreased sperm quality along with morphological changes in testis cells. NAC treatments was associated with protective effects on testicular tissue mainly by rebalancing of the antioxidants capacity, as well as downregulation of apoptosis-related genes.

Two dimensional proteomic analysis of serum shows immunological proteins exclusively expressed in sulfur mustard exposed patients with long term pulmonary complications

BACKGROUND

Despite more than 30 years after utilization of sulfur mustard or bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide (SM) by Iraqi troops against Iranian military members and civilians, there are a lot of reported delayed complications for the exposed people. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism of action from this chemical warfare agent is not recognized yet.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

In this study, we employed two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) technique to investigate the serum proteins from chemical exposed people compared to non-exposed individuals to provide an inside into molecular mechanism of this chemical agent. Each group was divided into two subgroups including individuals with, and without respiratory complications. For each group, 10 individuals were included after informed consent.

RESULT

The results showed protein spots, which were exclusively/mainly expressed in chemical exposed patients with complications, including T cell receptor alpha, and hematopoietic cell signal transducer. Also there were protein spots that were expressed only in all exposed groups (with and without complications). On the other hand, we could identify protein spots that were exclusively expressed/altered only in non-exposed group with complications including Pre T-cell antigen receptor, CD40 ligand, and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins.

CONCLUSION

Our investigation could result in identification of proteins that are associated to chemical exposure, as well as those specific for respiratory complications irrespective of chemical exposure. These candidate proteins can be used as biomarker, as well as a base for understanding the molecular mechanism of this chemical agent.