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Matsumura E, Morinaga K, Fukuda K. Host Specificity and Seasonal Variation in the Colonization of Tubakia sensu lato Associated with Evergreen Oak Species in Eastern Japan. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02067-9. [PMID: 35857039 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foliar fungal endophytes are ubiquitous and hyperdiverse, and tend to be host-specific among dominant forest tree species. The fungal genus Tubakia sensu lato is comprised of foliar pathogens and endophytes that exhibit host preference for Quercus and other Fagaceae species. To clarify interspecific differences in ecological characteristics among Tubakia species, we examined the endophyte communities of seven evergreen Quercus spp. at three sites in eastern Japan during summer and winter. Host tree species was the most significant factor affecting endophyte community composition. Tubakia species found at the study sites were divided into five specialists and three generalists according to their relative abundance in each host species and their host ranges. Specialists were dominant on their own host in summer, and their abundance declined in winter. To test the hypothesis that generalists are more widely adapted to their environment than specialists, we compared their spore germination rates at different temperatures. Spores of generalist Tubakia species were more tolerant of colder temperatures than were spores of specialist Tubakia species, supporting our hypothesis. Seasonal and site variations among Tubakia species were also consistent with our hypothesis. Host identity and ecology were significantly associated with endophyte community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Matsumura
- Department of Natural Environmental Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Kenta Morinaga
- Department of Natural Environmental Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Department of Natural Environmental Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Apigo A, Oono R. Plant abundance, but not plant evolutionary history, shapes patterns of host specificity in foliar fungal endophytes. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Austen Apigo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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Sarver J, Schultz E, Apigo A, Gernandt DS, Salas-Lizana R, Oono R. Deep sequencing across multiple host species tests pine-endophyte specificity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:83-98. [PMID: 34695224 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Foliar fungal endophytes vary in their distributions across landscapes or plant host taxa, indicative of specialized ecologies and host specific adaptations. Accounts of specialization, however, depend on the taxonomic breadth and geographic range of the host plants included in each study. A broad region-scale study or deep sampling of diverse potential host species still remains relatively rare but is becoming increasingly possible with high-throughput sequencing. METHODS Amplicon sequencing was used to rapidly identify the fungal endophytic community among six pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) species co-occurring across northeastern United States and to test for site and host specialization. We focused on the endophytic genus Lophodermium (Rhytismataceae), whose species members are thought to specialize on different pine species, to test if amplicon sequencing could rapidly verify previously implied or discover new patterns of host specificity. RESULTS While amplicon sequencing could analyze more samples at greater depths and recover greater numbers of unique Lophodermium taxa than when endophyte communities were surveyed with traditional culturing methods, patterns of specialization were not better supported. This may be because amplicon sequencing can indiscriminately capture non-host specific organisms found incidentally from plant tissues or because we have overestimated host-specificity in the past with biased culturing techniques. CONCLUSIONS Amplicon sequencing can quickly identify patterns of host specificity by allowing large-scale surveys but has limitations in quantifying the level of intimacy of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sarver
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Ella Schultz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Austen Apigo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - David S Gernandt
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Salas-Lizana
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
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Osono T, Matsuoka S, Hirose D. Diversity and host recurrence of fungi associated with the bleached leaf litter in a subtropical forest. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ata JP, Burns KS, Marchetti S, Munck IA, Beenken L, Worrall JJ, Stewart JE. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses of Lophodermella needle pathogens (Rhytismataceae) on Pinus species in the USA and Europe. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11435. [PMID: 34178437 PMCID: PMC8199922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of conifer needle pathogens globally have prompted further studies on pathogen identification and a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships among needle pathogens. Several Lophodermella species can be aggressive pathogens causing needle cast in natural pine forests in the USA and Europe. However, their relationships with other Rhytismataceae species have historically been based on similarities of only limited phenotypic characters. Currently, no molecular studies have been completed to elucidate their relationships with other Lophodermella needle pathogens. This study collected and sequenced three gene loci, namely: internal transcribed spacer, large ribosomal subunit, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha, from five Lophodermella needle pathogens from North America (L. arcuata, L. concolor, L. montivaga) and Europe (L. conjuncta and L. sulcigena) to distinguish phylogeny within Rhytismatacaeae, including Lophophacidium dooksii. Phylogenetic analyses of the three loci revealed that all but L. conjuncta that were sampled in this study consistently clustered in a well-supported clade within Rhytismataceae. The multi-gene phylogeny also confirmed consistent nesting of L. dooksii, a needle pathogen of Pinus strobus, within the clade. Potential synapomorphic characters such as ascomata position and ascospore shape for the distinct clade were also explored. Further, a rhytismataceous species on P. flexilis that was morphologically identified as L. arcuata was found to be unique based on the sequences at the three loci. This study suggests a potential wider range of host species within the genus and the need for genetic characterization of other Lophodermella and Lophophacidium species to provide a higher phylogenetic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessa P. Ata
- Department of Forest Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Burns
- Forest Health Protection, Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Suzanne Marchetti
- Forest Health Protection, Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Isabel A. Munck
- Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Ludwig Beenken
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James J. Worrall
- Forest Health Protection, Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Jane E. Stewart
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Oono R, Black D, Slessarev E, Sickler B, Strom A, Apigo A. Species diversity of fungal endophytes across a stress gradient for plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:210-225. [PMID: 32472573 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Foliar fungal endophytes are one of the most diverse guilds of symbiotic fungi found in the photosynthetic tissues of every plant lineage, but it is unclear how plant environments and leaf resource availability shape their diversity. We explored correlations between leaf nutrient availability and endophyte diversity among Pinus muricata and Vaccinium ovatum plants growing across a soil nutrient gradient spanning a series of coastal terraces in Mendocino, California. Endophyte richness decreased in plants with higher leaf nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios for both host species, but increased with sodium, which may be toxic to fungi at high concentrations. Isolation frequency, a proxy of fungal biomass, was not significantly predicted by any of the same leaf constituents in the two plant species. We propose that stressed plants can exhibit both low foliar nutrients or high levels of toxic compounds, and that both of these stress responses predict endophyte species richness. Stressful conditions that limit growth of fungi may increase their diversity due to the suppression of otherwise dominating species. Differences between the host species in their endophyte communities may be explained by host specificity, leaf phenology, or microclimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Danielle Black
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Eric Slessarev
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Burton Sickler
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Amanda Strom
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Austen Apigo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Retrotransposon expression in response to in vitro inoculation with two fungal pathogens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:243. [PMID: 31036050 PMCID: PMC6489336 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conifer genomes show high genetic diversity in intergenic regions that contain diverse sets of transposable elements with dominating long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (RE). Transcription of RE in response to environmental stimuli could produce various types of regulatory non-coding RNAs, but global genomic methylation changes could result in a coincidental expression of normally silent genomic regions. Expression of several RE families was evaluated in Scots pine seedlings after controlled inoculations with two fungal species that exhibit different modes of pathogenicity (necrotrophic and likely biotrophic); data compared to the overall RE distribution in genome. Recognition of regulatory non-coding RNA involved in host-pathogen interplay could be valuable in understanding defence mechanisms of perennial plants. RESULTS In the case of necrotrophic fungi Heterobasidion annosum (HA), short activation followed by restriction of RE expression was revealed after inoculation and during the spread of the pathogen. After inoculation with Lophodermium seditiosum (LS), an early increase in RE expression was revealed with the spread of the pathogen and subsequent transcription rise in all seedlings. Our observations indicate that in the complex plant genome multiple RE families constitutively express in response to pathogen invasion and these sequences could undergo regulation related to host response or pathogen influence.
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Salas-Lizana R, Oono R. A comparative analysis of Lophodermium fissuratum, sp. nov., found in haploxylon pine needles in the Pacific Northwest, and other Lophodermium endophytes. Mycologia 2018; 110:797-810. [PMID: 30230969 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1499991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lophodermium is a large fungal genus consisting of over 100 named species, with ca. 38 of these commonly found as endophytes of pine needles. In this study, we use both morphological and sequencing data to describe a new Lophodermium species associated with haploxylon pines from the Pacific Northwest. This new species resembled the morphology of L. nitens, another commonly occurring species from the same geographic regions and host species. They both present dark subcuticular ascocarps without lips. However, the upper walls of their ascocarps are different, as the new species forms an inward V-shaped folding, not present in L. nitens. Phylogenies using nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer barcodes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), partial D1-D2 domains of nuc rDNA 28S, and partial sequences of the nuc actin gene confirmed that this species represents a unique lineage not closely related to L. nitens. We discuss the current state of the phylogeny in light of all currently available sequences from pine-associated Lophodermium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Salas-Lizana
- a Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | - Ryoko Oono
- b Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106
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Salas‐Lizana R, Oono R. Double-digest RADseq loci using standard Illumina indexes improve deep and shallow phylogenetic resolution of Lophodermium, a widespread fungal endophyte of pine needles. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6638-6651. [PMID: 30038763 PMCID: PMC6053583 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic and population genetic structure of symbiotic microorganisms may correlate with important ecological traits that can be difficult to directly measure, such as host preferences or dispersal rates. This study develops and tests a low-cost double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) protocol to reveal among- and within-species genetic structure for Lophodermium, a genus of fungal endophytes whose evolutionary analyses have been limited by the scarcity of informative markers. The protocol avoids expensive barcoded adapters and incorporates universal indexes for multiplexing. We tested for reproducibility and functionality by comparing shared loci from sample replicates and assessed the effects of numbers of ambiguous sites and clustering thresholds on coverage depths, number of shared loci among samples, and phylogenetic reconstruction. Errors between technical replicates were minimal. Relaxing the quality-filtering criteria increased the mean coverage depth per locus and the number of loci recovered within a sample, but had little effect on the number of shared loci across samples. Increasing clustering threshold decreased the mean coverage depth per cluster and increased the number of loci recovered within a sample but also decreased the number of shared loci across samples, especially among distantly related species. The combination of low similarity clustering (70%) and relaxed quality-filtering (allowing up to 30 ambiguous sites per read) performed the best in phylogenetic analyses at both recent and deep genetic divergences. Hence, this method generated sufficient number of shared homologous loci to investigate the evolutionary relationships among divergent fungal lineages with small haploid genomes. The greater genetic resolution also revealed new structure within species that correlated with ecological traits, providing valuable insights into their cryptic life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Salas‐Lizana
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
- Present address:
Departamento de Biología ComparadaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
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10
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Apigo A, Oono R. Dimensions of Host Specificity in Foliar Fungal Endophytes. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Oono R, Rasmussen A, Lefèvre E. Distance decay relationships in foliar fungal endophytes are driven by rare taxa. Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28640496 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foliar fungal endophytes represent a diverse and species-rich plant microbiome. Their biogeography provides essential clues to their cryptic relationship with hosts and the environment in which they disperse. We present species composition, diversity, and dispersal patterns of endophytic fungi associated with needles of Pinus taeda trees across regional scales in the absence of strong environmental gradients as well as within individual trees. An empirical designation of rare and abundant taxa enlightens us on the structure of endophyte communities. We report multiple distance-decay patterns consistent with effects of dispersal limitation, largely driven by community changes in rare taxa, those taxonomic units that made up less than 0.31% of reads per sample on average. Distance-decay rates and community structure also depended on specific classes of fungi and were predominantly influenced by rare members of Dothideomycetes. Communities separated by urban areas also revealed stronger effects of distance on community similarity, confirming that host density and diversity plays an important role in symbiont biogeography, which may ultimately lead to a mosaic of functional diversity as well as rare species diversity across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Anna Rasmussen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emilie Lefèvre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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12
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Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
| | - Peter R. Johnston
- Herbarium PDD, Landcare Research, Private bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515, Kamihama, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - David S. Hibbett
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
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Oono R, Lutzoni F, Arnold AE, Kaye L, U'Ren JM, May G, Carbone I. Genetic variation in horizontally transmitted fungal endophytes of pine needles reveals population structure in cryptic species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1362-1374. [PMID: 25156984 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Fungal endophytes comprise one of the most ubiquitous groups of plant symbionts, inhabiting healthy leaves and stems of all major lineages of plants. Together, they comprise immense species richness, but little is known about the fundamental processes that generate their diversity. Exploration of their population structure is needed, especially with regard to geographic distributions and host affiliations.• METHODS We take a multilocus approach to examine genetic variation within and among populations of Lophodermium australe, an endophytic fungus commonly associated with healthy foliage of pines in the southeastern United States. Sampling focused on two pine species ranging from montane to coastal regions of North Carolina and Virginia.• KEY RESULTS Our sampling revealed two genetically distinct groups within Lophodermium australe. Our analysis detected less than one migrant per generation between them, indicating that they are distinct species. The species comprising the majority of isolates (major species) demonstrated a panmictic structure, whereas the species comprising the minority of isolates (cryptic species) demonstrated isolation by distance. Distantly related pine species hosted the same Lophodermium species, and host species did not influence genetic structure.• CONCLUSIONS We present the first evidence for isolation by distance in a foliar fungal endophyte that is horizontally transmitted. Cryptic species may be common among microbial symbionts and are important to delimit when exploring their genetic structure and microevolutionary processes. The hyperdiversity of endophytic fungi may be explained in part by cryptic species without apparent ecological and morphological differences as well as genetic diversification within rare fungal species across large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Oono
- University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
| | | | | | - Laurel Kaye
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Jana M U'Ren
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Georgiana May
- University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA
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Luo JT, Lin YR, Shi GK, Hou CL. Lophodermium on needles of conifers from Yunnan Province, China. Mycol Prog 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-009-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hou CL, Piepenbring M. New species and new records of Rhytismatales from Panama. Mycologia 2009; 101:565-72. [PMID: 19623938 DOI: 10.3852/08-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Six species in three genera of Rhytismatales are known from Panama. Additional specimens recently were collected and identified. They correspond to four new species, Bivallum panamense, Coccomyces niveus, C. hypodermatis and Myriophacidium alsophilicola, as well as seven new records from Panama, Coccomyces annulatus, C. radiatus, Hypoderma rubi, Lophodermium agathidis, L. australe, L. platyplacum and Terriera minor. Therefore 17 species in eight genera of Rhytismatales are currently known from Panama. A key to these species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Hou
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China.
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Abstract
The new species Myriophacidium ramosum and Neococcomyces erumpens are described from Rhododendron twigs in the eastern Himalayan Mountains in China. Both are members of the Rhytismatales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Hou
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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17
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Tsuneda A, Wang W, Tsuneda I, Currah RS. Endomembrane system of aspen root cells plays a key role in defense against a common fungal root endophyte, Cryptosporiopsis radicicola. Mycologia 2009; 101:182-9. [PMID: 19397190 DOI: 10.3852/08-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The host-endophyte interaction between roots of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and Cryptosporiopsis radicicola was examined primarily by transmission electron microscopy. Hyphae growing on the exterior of the inoculated roots had a thick, electron-dense, adhesive sheath. At hyphal contact and penetration, host epidermal cells exhibited a series of defense responses (viz. formation of papillae and partition walls, general wall thickening and walling-off of internal hyphae). In papilla formation, loop-shaped, rough endoplasmic reticula (rER) gave rise to globose secretory vesicles that accumulated around and then fused to the developing papilla. Unlike papillae, general wall thickening was associated with the Golgi apparatus (GA) that produced cell wall materials; 1-3 layers of Golgi cisternae were in contact with or in the immediate proximity (mostly within 0-0.5 microm) of and lying parallel to the host cell wall, where they budded out numerous subglobose vesicles that fused directly to the host cell wall and made it thicker. Partition wall formation and walling-off of internal hyphae also were common; the former was associated with an extended single cisterna, which was indistinguishable from rER or individual cisternae of GA, and in the latter phenomenon internal hyphae were encased by electron-dense material containing numerous ribosomes and membranous elements that were derived apparently from proliferated rER. These pronounced defense responses protected the stele and contributed to making C. radicicola endophytic rather than pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9.
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Lophodermium pini-mugonis sp. nov. on needles of Pinus mugo from the Alps based on morphological and molecular data. Mycol Prog 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-008-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gao K, Mendgen K. Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stagonospora sp. (4/99-1) is a beneficial endophytic fungus frequently transmitted by seeds of Phragmites australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steudel. Here we show that this fungus also penetrates the root epidermis. At first, hyphae were attracted by the root and proliferated on the root surface, preferably over the anticlinal walls. Penetration occurred directly by undifferentiated hyphae or was facilitated by hyphopodia. Hyphal growth within the root was restricted to the walls of epidermal cells and the walls of the cells of the outermost cortical layer. Deeper growth by the fungus elicited wall appositions and ingress into the cytoplasm of cortical cells was blocked by papillae. In the rare cases, the fungus managed to penetrate into cortical cells, these reacted with necrosis. Immunological studies suggested that fungal material reached the host plasmalemma and may have been taken up by endocytotic events. Our observations explain the endophytic lifestyle of hyphae close to the epidermis and the restricted development within the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Gao
- Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
- Phytopathology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kurt Mendgen
- Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
- Phytopathology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Santamaría J, Bayman P. Fungal epiphytes and endophytes of coffee leaves (Coffea arabica). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 50:1-8. [PMID: 16132426 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-004-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants harbor diverse communities of fungi and other microorganisms. Fungi are known to occur both on plant surfaces (epiphytes) and inside plant tissues (endophytes), but the two communities have rarely been compared. We compared epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica) in Puerto Rico. We asked whether the dominant fungi are the same in both communities, whether endophyte and epiphyte communities are equally diverse, and whether epiphytes and endophytes exhibit similar patterns of spatial heterogeneity among sites. Leaves of naturalized coffee plants were collected from six sites in Puerto Rico. Epiphytic and endophytic fungi were isolated by placing leaf pieces on potato dextrose agar without and with surface sterilization, respectively. A total of 821 colonies were isolated and grouped into 131 morphospecies. The taxonomic affinities of the four most common nonsporulating fungi were determined by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region: two grouped with Xylaria and one each with Botryosphaeria and Guignardia. Of the most common genera, Pestalotia and Botryosphaeria were significantly more common as epiphytes; Colletotrichum, Xylaria, and Guignardia were significantly more common as endophytes. Suprisingly, more morphospecies occurred as endophytes than as epiphytes. Differences among sites in number of fungi per plant were significant. Thus epiphytic and endophytic communities differed greatly on a single leaf, despite living only millimeters apart, and both communities differed from site to site. Significant correlations between occurrence of fungal morphospecies suggested that fungi may have positive or negative effects on their neighbors. This is the first quantitative comparison of epiphytic and endophytic fungal floras in any plant, and the first to examine endophytic fungi or epiphytic fungi in leaves of coffee, one of the world's most valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Santamaría
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, PO Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA
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Hou CL, Piepenbring M. Known and two new species of Rhytisma (Rhytismatales, Ascomycota) from China. Mycopathologia 2005; 159:299-306. [PMID: 15770457 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-004-5653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three species of Rhytisma are described based on recently collected specimens from the Anhui province, China. Rhytisma anhuiense is a new species causing a serious tar spot disease on Rhododendron simsii. Rhytisma yuexiense is a new species, which develops its stromata only on fallen leaves of Rhododendron ovatum. Rhytisma himalense on Ilex fargesii is a known species and probably widely distributed in China. Including the two new species, 11 species of Rhytisma are known from China which are presented in a key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Hou
- Botanisches Institut, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60054, Frankfurt/M., Germany.
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