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Ramdani C, El Fakhouri K, Boulamtat R, Bouharroud R, Mesfioui A, Al-Jaboobi M, El Bouhssini M. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents of Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.997254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica L. is widly cultivated in Morocco and has a very an important economic role as a source of food, livestock feed and not forgetting that it is considered to be an income for people in rural communities. This crop is subject to the attack of a serious insect pest, the Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell), which sucks the sap from the plant causing huge production losses since its introduction to the country in 2014. The present study investigated the entomopathogenic effect of six fungal isolates {Beauveria bassiana [HASS; RFSL10; SPT 011(a)]; Akanthomyces lecanii [RFSLV; SPT R 215] and Cordyceps farinosa [SPSBI4]} for controlling of both nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Under laboratory conditions, the highest mortality of female D. opuntiae was registered by B. bassiana strain HASS at 108 conidia ml−1 with 100%, followed by B. bassiana strain RFSL10, A. lecanii RFSLV, and C. farinosa SPSBI4 isolates with 98%, respectively, 10 days after treatments. Similarly, the highest level of nymph mortality (100%) was recorded by B. bassiana RFSL10 and HASS isolates at 108 conidia ml1, respectively, 4 and 5 days after application. Under greenhouse conditions, B. bassiana (HASS and RFSL10) and A. lecanii (RFSLV) isolates sprayed alone expressed a higher toxicity on nymphs with 75, 68.5 and 58%, respectively, 12 days after treatments. However, no significant difference was observed in adult female's mortality between different fungal isolates, where B. bassiana (HASS) at 108 conidia ml−1 presented a moderate mortality rate with 55%, 12 days after application. In fact, the combination of black soap (60 g/L) with B. bassiana HASS and RFSL10 and A. lecanii (RFSLV) isolates at 108 conidia ml−1 caused the highest toxic activity on D. opuntiae adult females, with 70.5, 68.75 and 67.65%, respectively. These findings showed that entomopathogenic fungi are promising for developing a biopesticide formulation for the management of D. opuntiae as an adequate and safe alternative to chemical pesticides.
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Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040263. [PMID: 33806225 PMCID: PMC8065498 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, a pathogenic fungus to insects, infects the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, a devastating pest of plantation trees in the tropics. Electron microscopy and proteomics were used to investigate the infection and developmental process of M. anisopliae in C. curvignathus. Fungal infection was initiated by germ tube penetration through the host's cuticle as observed at 6 h post-inoculation (PI), after which it elongated into the host's integumental tissue. The colonization process continued as seen from dissemination of blastospores in the hemocoel at 96 h PI. At this time point, the emergent mycelia had mummified the host and forty-eight hours later, new conidia were dispersed on the termites' body surface. Meanwhile, hyphal bodies were observed in abundance in the intercellular space in the host's body. The proteomes of the pathogen and host were isolated separately using inoculated termite samples withdrawn at each PI-time point and analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels. Proteins expressed in termites showed evidence of being related to cell regulation and the immune response, while those expressed in M. anisopliae, to transportation and fungal virulence. This study provides new information on the interaction between termites and its entomopathogen, with potential utilization for developing future biopesticide to control the termite population.
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Virulence traits within a community of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria: Associations with abundance and distribution. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Amobonye A, Bhagwat P, Pandey A, Singh S, Pillai S. Biotechnological potential of Beauveria bassiana as a source of novel biocatalysts and metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1019-1034. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Dias LP, Pedrini N, Braga GUL, Ferreira PC, Pupin B, Araújo CAS, Corrochano LM, Rangel DEN. Outcome of blue, green, red, and white light on Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth on conidial stress tolerance and gene expression. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:263-272. [PMID: 32389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi sense light and utilize it as a source of environmental information to prepare against many stressful conditions in nature. In this study, Metarhizium robertsii was grown on: 1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in the dark (control); 2) under nutritive stress in the dark; and 3) PDA under continuous (A) white light; (B) blue light lower irradiance = LI; (C) blue light higher irradiance = HI; (D) green light; and (E) red light. Conidia produced under these treatments were tested against osmotic stress and UV radiation. In addition, a suite of genes usually involved in different stress responses were selected to study their expression patterns. Conidia produced under nutritive stress in the dark were the most tolerant to both osmotic stress and UV radiation, and the majority of their stress- and virulence-related genes were up-regulated. For osmotic stress tolerance, conidia produced under white, blue LI, and blue HI lights were the second most tolerant, followed by conidia produced under green light. Conidia produced under red light were the least tolerant to osmotic stress and less tolerant than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. For UV tolerance, conidia produced under blue light LI were the second most tolerant to UV radiation, followed by the UV tolerances of conidia produced under white light. Conidia produced under blue HI, green, and red lights were the least UV tolerant and less tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. The superoxide dismutases (sod1 and sod2), photolyases (6-4phr and CPDphr), trehalose-phosphate synthase (tps), and protease (pr1) genes were highly up-regulated under white light condition, suggesting a potential role of these proteins in stress protection as well as virulence after fungal exposure to visible spectrum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ferreira
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pupin
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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Yuzugullu Karakus Y, Isik S. Partial characterization of Bacillus pumilus catalase partitioned in poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:391-399. [PMID: 30767698 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1573197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase partitioning system (ATPS) was used to extract and purify catalase from Bacillus pumilus. The system parameters for effective purification of catalase were optimized. The best catalase recovery (123%) with a 4.6-fold purification was obtained in the bottom phase of ATPS including the mixture of 15% (w/w) PEG4000, 10% (w/w) Na2SO4 and 3% (w/w) NaCl at pH 5.0. The purified enzyme was characterized regarding its activity and stability. The highest enzyme activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 37 °C on hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme was quite stable at temperatures between 30 and 55 °C and a pH range of 7.0-9.0. The Km and Vmax values were determined from Lineweaver-Burk plot as 11 mM and 1667 µmole ml-1 min-1, respectively. Overall, it can be said that ATPS is a rapid, reasonable, straightforward and cost-effective process for catalase purification in comparison to the chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semih Isik
- b The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Kocaeli University , Kocaeli , Turkey
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Tracing the coevolution between Triatoma infestans and its fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:319-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keyhani NO. Lipid biology in fungal stress and virulence: Entomopathogenic fungi. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:420-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ortiz-Urquiza A, Fan Y, Garrett T, Keyhani NO. Growth substrates and caleosin-mediated functions affect conidial virulence in the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:1913-1921. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 40045, PR China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Improvement of the Insecticidal Capacity of Two Purpureocillium Lilacinum Strains against Tribolium Confusum. INSECTS 2015; 6:206-23. [PMID: 26463076 PMCID: PMC4553539 DOI: 10.3390/insects6010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can regulate insect populations. They have extracellular enzymes that degrade cuticle components, mainly hydrocarbons, used as an energy source. The increase in insecticidal activity of fungi in a medium supplemented with cuticular hydrocarbons was assayed and the hydrolytic enzyme profiles of two strains of Purpureocillium lilacinum were evaluated. A spore suspension of P. lilacinum was inoculated in Petri plates with different values (0.99–0.97–0.95) of water activity (Aw) using the substrates gelatin, starch and tween-20. Growth rate on the different substrates and the enzymatic activity index for proteases, amylases and lipases at different incubation times, pH and Aw, was evaluated. Moreover, the insecticidal efficiency of strains grown in media supplemented with n-hexadecane and n-octacosane was analyzed. LT50 was calculated against adults of Tribolium confusum and showed that mortality increased about 15% when the strains grew in amended culture medium. High amylolytic activity was detected, but proteases were the main enzymes produced. Optimal protease production was observed in a range of acid and alkaline pH and lower Aw. The greatest growth rate was obtained in presence of gelatin. Lipase and amylase production was detected in small amounts. Fungal growth in media with hydrocarbon mixtures increased the pathogenicity of the two strains of P. lilacinum, with the strain JQ926223 being more virulent. The information obtained is important for achieving both an increase in insecticidal capacity and an understanding of physiological adaptation of the fungus.
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Zhang S, Widemann E, Bernard G, Lesot A, Pinot F, Pedrini N, Keyhani NO. CYP52X1, representing new cytochrome P450 subfamily, displays fatty acid hydroxylase activity and contributes to virulence and growth on insect cuticular substrates in entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13477-86. [PMID: 22393051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of insects by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana proceeds via attachment and penetration of the host cuticle. The outermost epicuticular layer or waxy layer of the insect represents a structure rich in lipids including abundant amounts of hydrocarbons and fatty acids. A member of a novel cytochrome P450 subfamily, CYP52X1, implicated in fatty acid assimilation by B. bassiana was characterized. B. bassiana targeted gene knockouts lacking Bbcyp52x1 displayed reduced virulence when topically applied to Galleria mellonella, but no reduction in virulence was noted when the insect cuticle was bypassed using an intrahemoceol injection assay. No significant growth defects were noted in the mutant as compared with the wild-type parent on any lipids substrates tested including alkanes and fatty acids. Insect epicuticle germination assays, however, showed reduced germination of ΔBbcyp52x1 conidia on grasshopper wings as compared with the wild-type parent. Complementation of the gene-knock with the full-length gene restored virulence and insect epicuticle germination to wild-type levels. Heterologous expression of CYP52X1 in yeast was used to characterize the substrate specificity of the enzyme. CYP52X1 displayed the highest activity against midrange fatty acids (C12:0 and C14:0) and epoxy stearic acid, 4-8-fold lower activity against C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2, and little to no activity against C9:0 and C18:0. Analyses of the products of the C12:0 and C18:1 reactions confirmed NADPH-dependent regioselective addition of a terminal hydroxyl to the substrates (ω-hydroxylase). These data implicate CYP52X1 as contributing to the penetration of the host cuticle via facilitating the assimilation of insect epicuticle lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Catalase overexpression reduces the germination time and increases the pathogenicity of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1033-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pedrini N, Crespo R, Juárez MP. Biochemistry of insect epicuticle degradation by entomopathogenic fungi. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:124-137. [PMID: 17052960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical interaction between fungal pathogens and their insect host epicuticle was studied by examining fungal hydrocarbon degrading ability. As a contact insecticide, entomopathogenic fungi invade their host through the cuticle, covered by an outermost lipid layer mainly composed of highly stable, very long chain structures. Strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), pathogenic both to the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the bean-weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), were grown on different carbon sources. Alkane-grown cells showed a lipid pattern different from that of glucose-grown cells, evidenced by a major switch in the triacylglycerol and sterol components. Radiolabelled hydrocarbons were used to investigate the catabolic pathway and the by-product incorporation into fungal cellular components. The first oxidation round is presumably carried out by a cytochrome P450 enzyme system, the metabolites will traverse the peroxisomal membrane, and after successive transformations will eventually provide the appropriate fatty acyl CoA for complete degradation in the peroxisomes, the site of beta-oxidation in fungi. In this review, we will show the relationship between fungal ability to catabolize very long chain hydrocarbons and virulence parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de CienciasMedicas, calles 60 y 120, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Rosana Crespo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de CienciasMedicas, calles 60 y 120, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de CienciasMedicas, calles 60 y 120, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
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