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Guo L, Xu J, Du B. Self-assembly of ABCBA Linear Pentablock Terpolymers. POLYM REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2023.2178008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binyang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Krishnan A, Roy S, Menon S. Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: From Synthesis Including Living Polymerization Methods to Applications in Drug Delivery. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Polyether fluorinated amphiphilic diblock polymer: Preparation, characterization and application as drug delivery agent. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Luo GF, Chen WH, Zhang XZ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Thermally Responsive Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:872-881. [PMID: 35648534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based thermally responsive micelles are of great importance as smart materials for a number of applications such as drug delivery and biosensing, owing to their tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Their design and synthesis in the nanoscale size range have been widely studied, and research interest in their structural and physic-chemical properties is continually growing. In this Viewpoint, representative research on the construction of PNIPAAm-based thermally responsive micelles as well as their applications are highlighted and discussed, which would serve as a good start for newcomers in this field and a positive guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Pal S, Kather M, Banerjee SL, Saha P, Pich A, Singha NK. Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Self‐Assembly Behavior of a Tailor‐Made ABC‐Type Amphiphilic Tri‐Block Copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pal
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Michael Kather
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Sovan Lal Banerjee
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Pabitra Saha
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
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6
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Application of novel hydrophobically modified polybetaines based on alkylaminocrotonates and methacrylic acid as pour point depressants and ASP flooding agent. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Elshaarani T, Yu H, Wang L, Zain-ul-Abdin ZUA, Ullah RS, Haroon M, Khan RU, Fahad S, Khan A, Nazir A, Usman M, Naveed KUR. Synthesis of hydrogel-bearing phenylboronic acid moieties and their applications in glucose sensing and insulin delivery. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3831-3854. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In past few years, phenylboronic acids (PBAs) have attracted researcher's attention due to their unique responsiveness towards diol-containing molecules such as glucose.
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8
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Singhsa P, Diaz-Dussan D, Manuspiya H, Narain R. Well-Defined Cationic N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide Hydrochloride-Based (Co)polymers for siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:209-221. [PMID: 29195038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic glycopolymers have shown to be excellent candidates for the fabrication of gene delivery devices due to their ability to electrostatically interact with negatively charged nucleic acids and the carbohydrate residues ensure enhanced stability and low toxicity of the polyplexes. The ability to engineer the polymers for optimized compositions, molecular weights, and architectures is critical in the design of effective gene delivery vehicles. Therefore, in this study, the aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) was used to synthesize well-defined cationic glycopolymers with various cationic segments. For the preparation of cationic parts, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide hydrochloride (DMAPMA·HCl), water-soluble methacrylamide monomer containing tertiary amine, was polymerized to produce DMAPMA·HCl homopolymer, which was then used as macroCTA in the block copolymerization with two other methacrylamide monomers containing different pendant groups, namely, 2-aminoethyl methacrylamide hydrochloride (AEMA) (with primary amine) and N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine methacrylamide (MPMA) (with morpholine ring). In addition, statistical copolymers of DMAPMA.HCl with either AEMA or MPMA were also synthesized. All resulting cationic polymers were utilized as macroCTA for the RAFT copolymerization with 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylamide (LAEMA), which consists of the pendent galactose residues to achieve DMAPMA·HCl-based glycopolymers. From the in vitro cytotoxicity study, the cationic glycopolymers showed better cell viabilities than the corresponding cationic homopolymers. Furthermore, complexation of the cationic polymers with siRNA, cellular uptake of the resulting polyplexes, and gene knockdown efficiencies were evaluated. All cationic polymers/glycopolymers demonstrated good complexation ability with siRNA at low weight ratios. Among these cationic polymer-siRNA polyplexes, the polyplexes prepared from the two glycopolymers, P(DMAPMA65-b-LAEMA15) and P[(DMAPMA65-b-MPMA63)-b-LAEMA16], showed outstanding results in the cellular uptake, high EGFR knockdown, and low post-transfection toxicity, suggesting the great potential in siRNA delivery of these novel glycopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyawadee Singhsa
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University , Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering , 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering , 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Hathaikarn Manuspiya
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University , Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering , 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6, Canada
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9
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Singhsa P, Manuspiya H, Narain R. Study of the RAFT homopolymerization and copolymerization of N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide hydrochloride and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the resulting homo- and copolymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00837f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined p(DMAPMA·HCl) homopolymers with good chain extension ability were obtained by the RAFT in acidic conditions and precipitation in acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyawadee Singhsa
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Donadeo Innovation Centre in Engineering
- Edmonton
- Canada
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College
| | - Hathaikarn Manuspiya
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Donadeo Innovation Centre in Engineering
- Edmonton
- Canada
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10
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Menon S, Ongungal RM, Das S. Vesicle-to-Rod Transition of Polymer Aggregates upon Irradiation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajith Menon
- Government Polytechnic College; Kodumbu P. O. Palakkad 678 551 Kerala India
| | - Rahul M. Ongungal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section; Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST); CSIR; Trivandrum 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 001 India
| | - Suresh Das
- Photosciences and Photonics Section; Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST); CSIR; Trivandrum 695 019 Kerala India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 001 India
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11
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Raffa P, Wever DAZ, Picchioni F, Broekhuis AA. Polymeric Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Links to Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8504-63. [PMID: 26182291 DOI: 10.1021/cr500129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering-Product Technology, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Polymer Institute DPI , P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Armando Zakarias Wever
- Department of Chemical Engineering-Product Technology, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Polymer Institute DPI , P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering-Product Technology, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius A Broekhuis
- Department of Chemical Engineering-Product Technology, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Valade D, Jeon Y, Kessel S, Monteiro MJ. Influence of the Z‐group on the RAFT‐mediated polymerizations in nanoreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Valade
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yujung Jeon
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefanie Kessel
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Lewis DR, Kamisoglu K, York AW, Moghe PV. Polymer-based therapeutics: nanoassemblies and nanoparticles for management of atherosclerosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:400-20. [PMID: 21523920 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronary arterial disease, one of the leading causes of adult mortality, is triggered by atherosclerosis. A disease with complex etiology, atherosclerosis results from the progressive long-term combination of atherogenesis, the accumulation of modified lipoproteins within blood vessel walls, along with vascular and systemic inflammatory processes. The management of atherosclerosis is challenged by the localized flare-up of several multipronged signaling interactions between activated monocytes, atherogenic macrophages and inflamed or dysfunctional endothelial cells. A new generation of approaches is now emerging founded on multifocal, targeted therapies that seek to reverse or ameliorate the atheroinflammatory cascade within the vascular intima. This article reviews the various classes and primary examples of bioactive configurations of nanoscale assemblies. Of specific interest are polymer-based or polymer-lipid micellar assemblies designed as multimodal receptor-targeted blockers or drug carriers whose activity can be tuned by variations in polymer hydrophobicity, charge, and architecture. Also reviewed are emerging reports on multifunctional nanoassemblies and nanoparticles for improved circulation and enhanced targeting to atheroinflammatory lesions and atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Lewis
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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14
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Smith D, Holley AC, McCormick CL. RAFT-synthesized copolymers and conjugates designed for therapeutic delivery of siRNA. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Feng Z, Lin L, Yan Z, Yu Y. Dual Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Functionalized by NIPAM and Azobenzene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:640-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Stereospecific living radical polymerization: dual control of chain length and tacticity for precision polymer synthesis. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5120-56. [PMID: 19715302 DOI: 10.1021/cr900115u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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17
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Alidedeoglu AH, York AW, McCormick CL, Morgan SE. Aqueous RAFT polymerization of 2-aminoethyl methacrylate to produce well-defined, primary amine functional homo- and copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Bezdushna E, Ritter H. Microwave and Ionic Liquids: Inverse Temperature Dependence of Viscosity in Aqueous Medium of Grafted Copolymers. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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van Dongen SFM, de Hoog HPM, Peters RJRW, Nallani M, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Biohybrid Polymer Capsules. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6212-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900072y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn F. M. van Dongen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Hans-Peter M. de Hoog
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ruud J. R. W. Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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20
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Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC. pH-Responsive polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:435-449. [PMID: 32907201 DOI: 10.1039/b714741d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
pH-Responsive polymers are systems whose solubility, volume, and chain conformation can be manipulated by changes in pH, co-solvent, and electrolytes. This review summarizes recent developments covering synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications in various disciplines. A variety of synthetic methodologies comprising of emulsion polymerization and living radical polymerization techniques are described, and some of their salient features are highlighted. Several polymeric systems, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, microgels, hydrogels and polymer brushes at interfaces are reviewed, where important characteristics that govern their behavior in solutions are described. Potential applications of these systems in controlled drug delivery, personal and home care, industrial coatings, biological and membrane science, viscosity modifiers, colloid stabilization, and water remediation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Dai
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Palaniswamy Ravi
- Innovation Centre, 3M Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd, 100 Woodlands Avenue 7, 738205, Singapore
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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21
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De P, Gondi SR, Sumerlin BS. Folate-Conjugated Thermoresponsive Block Copolymers: Highly Efficient Conjugation and Solution Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1064-70. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701255v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarsi De
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
| | - Sudershan R. Gondi
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
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22
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York AW, Scales CW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Facile Synthetic Procedure for ω, Primary Amine Functionalization Directly in Water for Subsequent Fluorescent Labeling and Potential Bioconjugation of RAFT-Synthesized (Co)Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2337-41. [PMID: 17645310 DOI: 10.1021/bm700514q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a facile method to amine functionalize and subsequently fluorescently label polymethacrylamides synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. RAFT-generated poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide-b-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) (poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA)), a water soluble biocompatible polymer, is first converted to a polymeric thiol and functionalized with a primary amine through a disulfide exchange reaction with cystamine and subsequently reacted with the amine-functionalized fluorescent dye, 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (5-SFX). Poly(HPMA258-b-DMAPMA13) (Mn = 39 700 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.06), previously synthesized by RAFT polymerization, was used to demonstrate this facile labeling method. The problem with labeling the omega-terminal chain end of a RAFT-synthesized polymethacrylamide is that the reduced end yields a tertiary thiol with low reactivity. The key to labeling poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) is to first reduce the dithioester chain end with a strong reducing agent such as NaBH4, and then functionalize the tertiary polymeric thiol with a primary amine through a disulfide exchange reaction with dihydrochloride cystamine. We show that the disulfide exchange reaction is efficient and that the amine-functionalized poly(HPMA-b-DMAPMA) can be easily labeled with the fluorescent dye, 5-SFX. This concept is proven by using a ninhydrin assay to detect primary amines and UV-vis spectroscopy to measure the degree of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W York
- Department of Polymer Science and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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