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Nirmala Suresh J, Liebscher H, Komber H, Tahir M, Gerlach G, Wießner S. Network Formation, Properties, and Actuation Performance of Functionalized Liquid Isoprene Rubber. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4754-4761. [PMID: 38313528 PMCID: PMC10832019 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to some useful mechanical, dynamic, and dielectric properties along with the ease of processing and forming, liquid rubbers are ideal materials for fabricating dielectric elastomer actuators in various configurations and for many potential applications ranging from automation to automobile and medical industry. In this study, we present a cross-linkable liquid rubber composition where amine-catalyzed esterification reactions lead to the formation of a network structure based on anhydride functional isoprene rubber, carboxyl-terminated nitrile-butadiene rubber, and epoxy end-capped prepolymers. The success of this intricate network formation procedure was verified by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The new isoprene-based elastomeric material exhibits actuation-relevant attributes including a low elastic modulus of 0.45 MPa, soft response to an applied load up to a large deformation of 300%, and a dielectric constant value (2.6) higher than the conventional Elastosil silicone (2.2). A dot actuator comprising of an isoprene dielectric elastomer film in unstretched state and carbon paste electrodes was fabricated that demonstrated an electrode deformation of 0.63%, which is nearly twice as high as for the commercial Elastosil 2030 film (∼0.30%) at 5 kV. Compared to the Elastosil silicone film, the enhanced performance is attributed to the low modulus and high dielectric constant value of the new isoprene elastomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishnu Nirmala Suresh
- Institute
of Materials Science, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Research
Division Elastomers, Leibniz-Institut für
Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Liebscher
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Center
Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Research
Division Elastomers, Leibniz-Institut für
Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Gerlach
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Institute
of Materials Science, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Research
Division Elastomers, Leibniz-Institut für
Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Deriabin KV, Filippova SS, Islamova RM. Self-Healing Silicone Materials: Looking Back and Moving Forward. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:286. [PMID: 37504174 PMCID: PMC10807480 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to self-healing silicone materials, which can partially or entirely restore their original characteristics after mechanical or electrical damage is caused to them, such as formed (micro)cracks, scratches, and cuts. The concept of self-healing materials originated from biomaterials (living tissues) capable of self-healing and regeneration of their functions (plants, human skin and bones, etc.). Silicones are ones of the most promising polymer matrixes to create self-healing materials. Self-healing silicones allow an increase of the service life and durability of materials and devices based on them. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current existing types of self-healing silicone materials and their functional properties, which can be used in biomedicine, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, soft robotics, skin-inspired electronics, protection of surfaces, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Deriabin
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
- South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Sofia S. Filippova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
| | - Regina M. Islamova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
- South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
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3
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Novel bio-inspired variable stiffness soft actuator via fiber-reinforced dielectric elastomer, inspired by Octopus bimaculoides. INTEL SERV ROBOT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11370-021-00388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Chiriaev S, Tavares L, Adashkevich V, Goszczak AJ, Rubahn HG. Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1693-1703. [PMID: 33194518 PMCID: PMC7653337 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work explores a new technique for the out-of-plane patterning of metal thin films prefabricated on the surface of a polymer substrate. This technique is based on an ion-beam-induced material modification in the bulk of the polymer. Effects of subsurface and surface processes on the surface morphology have been studied for three polymer materials: poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, and polydimethylsiloxane, by using focused ion beam irradiation with He+, Ne+, and Ga+. Thin films of a Pt60Pd40 alloy and of pristine Au were used to compare the patterning of thin films with different microstructures. We show that the height of Pt60Pd40 thin films deposited onto poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate substrates can be patterned by He+ ion beams with ultrahigh precision (nanometers) while preserving in-plane features, at the nanoscale, of the pre-deposited films. Ion irradiation of the Au-coated samples results in delamination, bulging, and perforation of the Au film, which is attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the film-substrate interface. The irradiation with Ne+ and Ga+ ions destroys the films and roughens the surface due to dominating sputtering processes. A very different behavior, resulting in the formation of complex, multiscale 3D patterns, is observed for polydimethylsiloxane samples. The roles of the metal film structure, elastic properties of the polymer substrate, and irradiation-induced mechanical strain in the patterning process are elaborated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Chiriaev
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Luciana Tavares
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Vadzim Adashkevich
- Centre for Industrial Electronics, Department of mechanical and electronic engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Arkadiusz J Goszczak
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
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Li Q, Liu C. Fast-response, agile and functional soft actuators based on highly-oriented carbon nanotube thin films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:085501. [PMID: 31627200 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4f2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly-oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) film, which is made from super-aligned CNT array, is an even, tough and soft material. This CNT film has strong anisotropy in electrical and mechanical properties. The electrical conductivity and Young's modulus of the CNT film (2.8 × 104S m-1, 3000 MPa) along the CNT aligned direction are one magnitude larger than those (2.3 × 103S m-1, 200 MPa) along the vertical direction. In virtue of easy preparation and good processability, it is competent as high-performance flexible electrodes for soft actuators, advanced film capacitors and batteries. Here, we use this highly-oriented CNT film as a heating electrode to make fast-response soft actuators. The actuator has a thin bilayer composite structure and is driven by current heating. It takes a typical miniaturized actuator only 0.9 s to perform fast and large-angle deformations (270° bending, curvature 4.8 cm-1), and its bending speed can reach 300° s-1by low power driving (2.4 W). Based on this CNT film, graphical designs and fine processing were carried out to make patterned electrodes and functional actuators, such as cross-shaped and hand-shaped ones. Notably, a well-designed gripper-like actuator can even deftly grab and manipulate some tiny things, e.g. a grain of rice. Moreover, the anisotropic properties of the CNT film also effectively influence and regulate the deformation forms of the actuators. In virtue of good and unique performances in electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects, the high-oriented CNT film would have promising application prospects in various emerging soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Deriabin KV, Lobanovskaia EK, Kirichenko SO, Barshutina MN, Musienko PE, Islamova RM. Synthesis of ferrocenyl‐containing silicone rubbers via platinum‐catalyzed
Si–H
self‐cross‐linking. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Deriabin
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
| | - Ekaterina K. Lobanovskaia
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
| | - Sergey O. Kirichenko
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
| | - Marie N. Barshutina
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
| | - Pavel E. Musienko
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
| | - Regina M. Islamova
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya Saint Petersburg Russia 199034
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Jiang L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Zhou F, Chen S, Ma J. Fabrication of Dielectric Elastomer Composites by Locking a Pre-Stretched Fibrous TPU Network in EVA. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1687. [PMID: 30213033 PMCID: PMC6164312 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer (DE) composites with high electrical breakdown strength and large voltage-induced deformation were developed by retaining pre-stretched thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibers in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The microstructure of the candidate E-TPU fiber membrane and EVA coated E-TPU (E-TPU/EVA) film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quasi-static and dynamic mechanical property, and the electromechanical properties, including the dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, and electromechanical sensitivity, of the DE composites were evaluated. Initially, tensile tests demonstrated that the DE composites based on E-TPU/EVAs had a higher elongation at break of above 1000% but a low elastic modulus of approximately 1.7 MPa. Furthermore, dielectric spectroscopy showed that the E-TPU/EVA had a dielectric constant of 4.5 at the frequency of 1000 Hz, which was 1.2 times higher than that of pure EVA film. Finally, it was found from electromechanical test that the voltage induced strain of E-TPU/EVA rose to 6%, nearly 3 times higher than that of pure TPU film, indicating an excellent electromechanical property. The DE composites developed have demonstrated the potential to be good candidate materials in the fields of artificial intelligence, biomimicry and renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanfen Zhou
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhiqing Jiang
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shaojuan Chen
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianwei Ma
- Department of Textile Materials and Textile Design, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Li Q, Liu C, Fan S. Programmable and functional electrothermal bimorph actuators based on large-area anisotropic carbon nanotube paper. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:175503. [PMID: 29438104 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaaf18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-active polymer (EAP) actuators, such as electronic, ionic and electrothermal (ET) actuators, have become an important branch of next-generation soft actuators in bionic robotics. However, most reported EAP actuators could realize only simple movements, being restricted by the small area of flexible electrodes and simple designs. We prepared large-area flexible electrodes of high anisotropy, made of oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) paper, and carried out artful graphic designs and processing on the electrodes to make functional ET bimorph actuators which can realize large bending deformations (over 220°, curvature > 1.5 cm-1) and bionic movements driven by electricity. The anisotropy of CNT paper benefits electrode designs and multiform actuations for complex actuators. Based on the large-area CNT paper, more interesting and functional actuators can be designed and prepared which will have practical applications in the fields of artificial muscles, complicated actuations, and soft and bionic robotics.
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Christianson C, Goldberg NN, Deheyn DD, Cai S, Tolley MT. Translucent soft robots driven by frameless fluid electrode dielectric elastomer actuators. Sci Robot 2018; 3:3/17/eaat1893. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aat1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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