1
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Guo J, Lin L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Diao G, Piao Y. Supramolecular Design Strategy of a Water-Soluble Diphenylguanidine-Cyclodextrin Polymer Inclusion Complex. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206919. [PMID: 36296510 PMCID: PMC9607006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylguanidine (DPG) is a widely used secondary accelerator for the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) latex. However, its low water solubility and high toxicity limit its use in high-end NR products. In this study, a water-soluble inclusion complex of DPG and a β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP), termed DPG-β-CDP, was prepared through supramolecular interactions and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy techniques. In comparison with that of DPG, the water solubility of DPG-β-CDP was greatly enhanced because of the water-soluble host molecule. The molar ratio of DPG to the CD unit in β-CDP was determined to be 1:1. At 25 °C, the binding constant of DPG-β-CDP was found to be 9.2 × 105 L/mol by UV-vis spectroscopy. The proposed method for forming inclusion complexes with high potential for use as water-soluble vulcanization accelerators is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yuping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-31-888-9169
| | - Guowang Diao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
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2
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Zhang W, Lin L, Guo J, Wu M, Park S, Yao H, Paek SH, Diao G, Piao Y. Design Strategy for Vulcanization Accelerator of Diphenylguanidine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Natural Rubber Latex Foam with Enhancing Performance. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9814638. [PMID: 36128179 PMCID: PMC9470207 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9814638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulcanization is an essential process to obtain high-performance rubber products. Diphenylguanidine (DPG) is often used as the secondary accelerator in the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) latex. However, DPG would make NR latex emulsion exhibit gelation, resulting in the negative vulcanization efficiency. In addition, exposure to DPG might lead to some physiological diseases during the production process of DPG doped NR latex. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) with the hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior has the advantages of good water solubility, high bioavailability, reliable stability, and low toxicity. In this study, the inclusion complex of diphenylguanidine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (DPG-HP-β-CD) is prepared by ball milling with a host-guest molar ratio of 1 : 1, which has also been applied to the foaming process of NR latex. The mechanical properties of DPG-HP-β-CD inclusion complex/natural rubber latex foam (DPG-HP-β-CD/NRLF) have been significantly improved, including the tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, compression set, resilience, and antiaging performance. Further, the usage of DPG has been reduced, leading to the reduction of toxicity and environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junqiang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Ming Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Sumin Park
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Hypoxia/Ischemia Disease Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Guowang Diao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mohd Sani NF, Yee HJ, Othman N, Talib AA, Shuib RK. Intrinsic self-healing rubber: A review and perspective of material and reinforcement. POLYMER TESTING 2022; 111:107598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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4
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Boden J, Bowen CR, Buchard A, Davidson MG, Norris C. Understanding the Effects of Cross-Linking Density on the Self-Healing Performance of Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Natural Rubber. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15098-15105. [PMID: 35572762 PMCID: PMC9089743 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand for self-healing elastomers is increasing due to the potential opportunities such materials offer in reducing down-time and cost through extended product lifetimes and reduction of waste. However, further understanding of self-healing mechanisms and processes is required in order to develop a wider range of commercially applicable materials with self-healing properties. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is a derivative of polyisoprene. ENR25 and ENR50 are commercially available materials with 25 and 50 mol % epoxidation, respectively. Recently, reports of the use of ENR in self-healing materials have begun to emerge. However, to date, there has been limited analysis of the self-healing mechanism at the molecular level. The aim of this work is to gain understanding of the relevant self-healing mechanisms through systematic characterization and analysis of the effect of cross-linking on the self-healing performance of ENR and natural rubber (NR). In our study, cross-linking of ENR and NR with dicumyl peroxide and sulfur to provide realistic models of commercial rubber formulations is described, and a cross-linking density of 5 × 10-5 mol cm-3 in sulfur-cured ENR is demonstrated to achieve a healing efficiency of 143% for the tensile strength. This work provides the foundation for further modification of ENR, with the goal of understanding and controlling ENR's self-healing ability for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Boden
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Chris R. Bowen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Chris Norris
- ARTIS, Hampton Park West, Melksham, Wiltshire SN12 6NB, U.K.
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5
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Utrera-Barrios S, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MÁ, Santana MH. The Final Frontier of Sustainable Materials: Current Developments in Self-Healing Elastomers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094757. [PMID: 35563147 PMCID: PMC9101787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is impossible to describe the recent progress of our society without considering the role of polymers; however, for a broad audience, "polymer" is usually related to environmental pollution. The poor disposal and management of polymeric waste has led to an important environmental crisis, and, within polymers, plastics have attracted bad press despite being easily reprocessable. Nonetheless, there is a group of polymeric materials that is particularly more complex to reprocess, rubbers. These macromolecules are formed by irreversible crosslinked networks that give them their characteristic elastic behavior, but at the same time avoid their reprocessing. Conferring them a self-healing capacity stands out as a decisive approach for overcoming this limitation. By this mean, rubbers would be able to repair or restore their damage automatically, autonomously, or by applying an external stimulus, increasing their lifetime, and making them compatible with the circular economy model. Spain is a reference country in the implementation of this strategy in rubbery materials, achieving successful self-healable elastomers with high healing efficiency and outstanding mechanical performance. This article presents an exhaustive summary of the developments reported in the previous 10 years, which demonstrates that this property is the last frontier in search of truly sustainable materials.
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6
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Zainol MH, Ariff ZM, Omar MF, Ping TM, Shuib RK. Self‐healable
and recyclable nitrile rubber based on thermoreversible ionic crosslink network. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Zainol
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Mohamad Ariff
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Omar
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia Universiti Malaysia Perlis Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Tan Mei Ping
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Raa Khimi Shuib
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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7
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Assessing the suitability of self-healing rubber glove for safe handling of pesticides. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4275. [PMID: 35277557 PMCID: PMC8917143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubber gloves used for protection against chemicals or hazards are generally prone to tearing or leaking after repeated use, exposing the worker to potentially hazardous agents. Self-healing technology promises increased product durability and shelf life appears to be a feasible solution to address these issues. Herein, we aimed to fabricate a novel epoxidized natural rubber-based self-healable glove (SH glove) and investigate its suitability for handling pesticides safely. In this study, breakthrough time analysis and surface morphological observation were performed to determine the SH glove's ability to withstand dangerous chemicals. The chemical resistance performance of the fabricated SH glove was compared against four different types of commercial gloves at different temperatures. Using malathion as a model pesticide, the results showed that the SH glove presented chemical resistance ability comparable to those gloves made with nitrile and NR latex at room temperature and 37 °C. The self-healing test revealed that the SH glove could be self-healed and retained its chemical resistance ability close to its pre-cut value. Our findings suggested that the developed SH glove with proven chemical resistance capability could be a new suitable safety glove for effectively handling pesticides and reducing glove waste generation.
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8
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Su E, Bayazit G, Ide S, Okay O. Butyl rubber-based interpenetrating polymer networks with side chain crystallinity: Self-healing and shape-memory polymers with tunable thermal and mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Eidi M, Zamani Pedram M. Thermal induced intrinsic self‐healing in epoxy based elastomer coatings provided by disulfide metathesis reactions. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Eidi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‐Energy Division K.N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mona Zamani Pedram
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‐Energy Division K.N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
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10
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Setting Relationships between Structure and Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber and Their Effect on Self-Healing Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010011. [PMID: 35012032 PMCID: PMC8747371 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of devulcanized tire powder as an effective reinforcement in self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been investigated for the first time in this work. For this purpose, the evolution of the microstructure of the rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs) was studied during granulation, grinding and devulcanization through an exhaustive characterization work in order to relate the final microstructure with the mechanical response of the repaired systems. Different morphologies (particle size distribution and specific surface area) obtained by cryogenic and water jet grinding processes, as well as different devulcanization techniques (thermo-mechanical, microwave, and thermo-chemical), were analyzed. The results demonstrated the key influence of the morphology of the ground tire rubber (GTR) on the obtained devulcanized products (dGTR). The predictions of the Horikx curves regarding the selectivity of the applied devulcanization processes were validated, thereby; a model of the microstructure of these materials was defined. This model made it possible to relate the morphology of GTR and dGTR with their activity as reinforcement in self-healing formulations. In this sense, higher specific surface area and percentage of free surface polymeric chains resulted in better mechanical performance and more effective healing. Such a strategy enabled an overall healing efficiency of more than 80% in terms of a real mechanical recovery (tensile strength and elongation at break), when adding 30 phr of dGTR. These results open a great opportunity to find the desired balance between the mechanical properties before and after self-repair, thus providing a high technological valorization to waste tires.
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11
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Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14144028. [PMID: 34300947 PMCID: PMC8306683 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability resulting from the self-adhesion of ENR-50 and reversible physical forces between the curing agent and the matrix. The impact of natural components on the crosslinking effect in uncured ENR-50 matrix was analyzed based on rheometric measurements, mechanical tests and crosslinking density. The partially crosslinked samples were next cut into two separate pieces, which were instantly contacted together under a small manual press, left at room temperature for a few days for the healing process to occur and finally retested. The healing efficiency was estimated by measuring mechanical properties before and after the healing process and was also confirmed by photos taken using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, a combination of silica and quercetin is a totally safe, natural and effective crosslinking system dedicated to epoxidized natural rubber. The novel composites containing ingredients safe for human beings exhibit promising self-healing properties with a healing efficiency of up to 45% without any external stimuli and stand a chance of becoming innovative biomedical materials.
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12
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Xiong J, Gong Z, Ding J, Chen Y. A conductive rubber with self‐healing ability enabled by metal‐ligand coordination. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Xiong
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jianping Ding
- College of Material Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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13
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Su E, Bilici C, Bayazit G, Ide S, Okay O. Solvent-Free UV Polymerization of n-Octadecyl Acrylate in Butyl Rubber: A Simple Way to Produce Tough and Smart Polymeric Materials at Ambient Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21786-21799. [PMID: 33908244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most fascinating challenges in recent years has been to produce mechanically robust and tough polymers with smart functions such as self-healing and shape-memory behavior. Here, we report a simple and versatile strategy for the preparation of a highly tough and highly stretchable interconnected interpenetrating polymer network (c-IPN) based on butyl rubber (IIR) and poly(n-octadecyl acrylate) (PC18A) with thermally induced healing and shape-memory functions. Solvent-free UV polymerization of n-octadecyl acrylate (C18A) at 30 ± 2 °C in the presence of IIR leads to IIR/PC18A c-IPNs with sea-island or co-continuous morphologies depending on their IIR contents. The lamellar crystals with a melting temperature Tm of 51-52 °C formed by side-by-side packed octadecyl (C18) side chains are responsible for more than 99% of effective cross-links in c-IPNs, the rest being hydrophobic associations and chemical cross-links. The c-IPNs exhibit varying stiffness (9-34 MPa), stretchability (72-740%), and a significantly higher toughness (1.9-12 MJ·m-3) than their components, which can be tuned by changing the IIR/PC18A weight ratio. The properties of c-IPNs could also be tuned by incorporating a second, noncrystallizable hydrophobic monomer, namely, lauryl methacrylate (C12M), in the melt mixture. We show that the lamellar clusters acting as sacrificial bonds break at the yield point by dissipation of energy, while the ductile amorphous continuous phase keeps the structure together, leading to the toughness improvement of c-IPNs. They exhibit a two-step healing process with >90% healing efficiency with respect to the modulus and a complete shape-recovery ratio induced by heating above Tm of alkyl crystals. The temperature-induced healing occurs via a quick step where C18 bridges form between the damaged surfaces followed by a slow step controlled by the interdiffusion of C18A segments in the bulk. We also show that the strategy developed here is suitable for a variety of rubbers and n-alkyl (meth)acrylates of various side-chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Su
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Bilici
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Bayazit
- Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Ide
- Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguz Okay
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Lei L, Han L, Ma H, Zhang R, Li X, Zhang S, Li C, Bai H, Li Y. Well-Tailored Dynamic Liquid Crystal Networks with Anionically Polymerized Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers toward Modulating Shape Memory and Self-Healing Capacity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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15
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Algaily B, Kaewsakul W, Sarkawi SS, Kalkornsurapranee E. Alleviating Molecular-Scale Damages in Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Compounds by a Self-Healing Modifier. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E39. [PMID: 33374236 PMCID: PMC7794983 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The property retentions of silica-reinforced natural rubber vulcanizates with various contents of a self-healing modifier called EMZ, which is based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) modified with hydrolyzed maleic anhydride (HMA) as an ester crosslinking agent plus zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) as a transesterification catalyst, were investigated. To validate its self-healing efficiency, the molecular-scale damages were introduced to vulcanizates using a tensile stress-strain cyclic test following the Mullins effect concept. The processing characteristics, reinforcing indicators, and physicomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the compounds were evaluated to identify the influences of plausible interactions in the system. Overall results demonstrate that the property retentions are significantly enhanced with increasing EMZ content at elevated treatment temperatures, because the EMZ modifier potentially contributes to reversible linkages leading to the intermolecular reparation of rubber network. Furthermore, a thermally annealing treatment of the damaged vulcanizates at a high temperature, e.g., 120 °C, substantially enhances the property recovery degree, most likely due to an impact of the transesterification reaction of the ester crosslinks adjacent to the molecular damages. This reaction can enable bond interchanges of the ester crosslinks, resulting in the feasibly exchanged positions of the ester crosslinks between the broken rubber molecules and, thus, achievable self-reparation of the damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Algaily
- Polymer Science and Technology, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Wisut Kaewsakul
- Elastomer Technology and Engineering, Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Siti Salina Sarkawi
- Malaysian Rubber Board, RRIM Research Station, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia;
| | - Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee
- Polymer Science and Technology, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
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16
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Design Principles of Interfacial Dynamic Bonds in Self‐Healing Materials: What are the Parameters? Chem Asian J 2020; 15:4215-4240. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
- R&D Centre MRF Limited Chennai 600019 India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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17
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Cao Y, Sayala KD, Gamage PL, Kumar R, Tsarevsky NV. Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Polymers by Functionalization of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene with Hypervalent Iodine Compounds. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Kapil Dev Sayala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Prabhath L. Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Nicolay V. Tsarevsky
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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Almutairi MD, Aria AI, Thakur VK, Khan MA. Self-Healing Mechanisms for 3D-Printed Polymeric Structures: From Lab to Reality. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1534. [PMID: 32664571 PMCID: PMC7408475 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing self-healing mechanisms are still very far from full-scale implementation, and most published work has only demonstrated damage cure at the laboratory level. Their rheological nature makes the mechanisms for damage cure difficult to implement, as the component or structure is expected to continue performing its function. In most cases, a molecular bond level chemical reaction is required for complete healing with external stimulations such as heating, light and temperature change. Such requirements of external stimulations and reactions make the existing self-healing mechanism almost impossible to implement in 3D printed products, particularly in critical applications. In this paper, a conceptual description of the self-healing phenomenon in polymeric structures is provided. This is followed by how the concept of self-healing is motivated by the observation of nature. Next, the requirements of self-healing in modern polymeric structures and components are described. The existing self-healing mechanisms for 3D printed polymeric structures are also detailed, with a special emphasis on their working principles and advantages of the self-healing mechanism. A critical discussion on the challenges and limitations in the existing working principles is provided at the end. A novel self-healing idea is also proposed. Its ability to address current challenges is assessed in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dukhi Almutairi
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Adrianus Indrat Aria
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (M.D.A.); (A.I.A.)
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19
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Guayule natural rubber composites: impact of fillers on their cure characteristics, dynamic and mechanical behavior. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Utrera-Barrios S, Hernández Santana M, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MA. Design of Rubber Composites with Autonomous Self-Healing Capability. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1902-1910. [PMID: 32039326 PMCID: PMC7003207 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of self-healing rubbers is currently under investigation as a strategy to promote their reuse and, hence, reduce their waste. However, autonomous, multicycle self-healing rubbers with good mechanical properties have so far proven difficult to achieve. Here, mechanically robust composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) were successfully designed and prepared with a high healing efficiency of up to 85% at room temperature without applying external stimuli. The incorporation of TRGO not only improves the mechanical performance in more than 100% in relation to pristine ENR but also promotes the hydrogen bonding interactions with the rubber. This leads to a homogenous dispersion of TRGO within the ENR matrix, which further increases its self-healing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Utrera-Barrios
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Technology
(ICTP-CSIC), Juan de
la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Technology
(ICTP-CSIC), Juan de
la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. López-Manchado
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Technology
(ICTP-CSIC), Juan de
la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Stein S, Mordvinkin A, Voit B, Komber H, Saalwächter K, Böhme F. Self-healing and reprocessable bromo butylrubber based on combined ionic cluster formation and hydrogen bonding. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The properties of modified bromobutyl rubber are strongly influenced by competing interactions via hydrogen bridges and ionic cluster formation. Dynamic network formation enables self-healing and reprocessability of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stein
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- Dresden
- Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Anton Mordvinkin
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- Institut für Physik – NMR
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- Dresden
- Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- Institut für Physik – NMR
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Frank Böhme
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- Dresden
- Germany
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22
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Post W, Susa A, Blaauw R, Molenveld K, Knoop RJI. A Review on the Potential and Limitations of Recyclable Thermosets for Structural Applications. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1673406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Post
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arijana Susa
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Blaauw
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Molenveld
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Design of a new generation of sustainable SBR compounds with good trade-off between mechanical properties and self-healing ability. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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