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Li F, Thiele S, Klok HA. Polymethylene Brushes via Surface-Initiated C1 Polyhomologation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19873-19880. [PMID: 34793151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface-initiated polymerization reactions are a powerful tool to generate chain-end-tethered polymer brushes. This report presents a synthetic strategy that gives access to structurally well-defined hydrocarbon polymer brushes of controlled molecular weights, which can be further modified to generate more complex surface-attached polymer architectures. The hydrocarbon brushes reported in this study are polymethylene brushes that are obtained via surface-initiated C1 polyhomologation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide. The strategy outlined here is based on the use of an alkylboronic acid pinacol ester initiator, which allows for controlled, unidirectional chain growth by monomer insertion into only the C-B bond of the initiator and which presents the polymerization active group at the growing polymer chain end. This surface-initiated C1 polyhomologation methodology is compatible with photopatterning strategies and can be used to generate micropatterned polymethylene brush films. Furthermore, conversion of the boronic ester chain-end functionalities to hydroxyl groups allows for selective chain-end modification and enables access to a variety of surface-anchored block copolymer architectures by chain extension via, for example, ring-opening or atom transfer radical polymerization chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Thiele
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Käselau S, Scheel S, Petersson L, Ho C, Luinstra GA. Isotactic polypropylene metal oxide and silica nanocomposites by a two‐step process comprising in situ olefin polymerization and melt compounding. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Käselau
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Saskia Scheel
- ABB Schweiz, AG Corporate Research Baden‐Dättwil Switzerland
| | | | - Chau‐Hon Ho
- ABB Schweiz, AG Corporate Research Baden‐Dättwil Switzerland
| | - Gerrit A Luinstra
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, Chen MJ, Chen L, Wang YZ. An efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7363-70. [PMID: 24742305 DOI: 10.1021/am500789q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We found in our previous study that ethylenediamine- or ethanolamine-modified ammonium polyphosphates could be used alone as an intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene (PP), but their flame-retardant efficiency was not very high. In this present work, a novel highly-efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant, piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PA-APP) was prepared. The oxygen index value of PP containing 22 wt % of PA-APP reached 31.2%, which increased by 58.4% compared with that of PP with equal amount of APP, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) could pass V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter (CC) results indicated that PP/PA-APP composite exhibited superior performance compared with PP/APP composite. For PP containing 25 wt % of PA-APP, fire growth rate (FGR) and smoke production rate (SPR) peak were reduced by 86.4% and 78.2%, respectively, compared with PP blended with 25 wt % APP. The relevant flame-retardant mechanism of PA-APP was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy etc. The P-N-C structure with the alicyclic amine was formed during the thermal decomposition of piperazine salt (-NH2(+)-O-P-), and the rich P-N-C structure facilitated the formation of stable char layer at the later stage, consequently improving the flame-retardant efficiency of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Bao Shao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
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5
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Kaminsky W. Metallocene Based Polyolefin Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2014; 7:1995-2013. [PMID: 28788552 PMCID: PMC5453261 DOI: 10.3390/ma7031995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most efficient and versatile ways to synthesize polyolefin nanocomposites is the in-situ polymerization of olefins in the presence of nano particles by metallocene catalysts. Metallocene/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalysts are soluble in hydrocarbons and therefore they can be absorbed perfectly in solution onto the surface of particles or fibers and after addition of ethene or propene they can then catalyze a polyolefin film on the surface. Metallocene/MAO and other single site catalysts allow the synthesis of polymers with a precisely defined microstructure, tacticity, and stereoregularity as well as new copolymers with superior properties such as film clarity, high tensile strength and lower content of extractables. The polymer properties can be enlarged by the incorporation of nanofillers. The resulting polyethylene or polypropylene nanocomposites give a tremendous boost to the physical and chemical properties such as dramatically improved stiffness, high gas barrier properties, significant flame retardancy, and high crystallization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kaminsky
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg; Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Rzayev ZMO, Salimi K, Eğri Ö, Pişkin E. Functional copolymer/organo-MMT nanoarchitectures. XIX. Nanofabrication and characterization of poly(MA-alt
-1-octadecene)-g
-PLA layered silicate nanocomposites with nanoporous core-shell morphology. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakir M. O. Rzayev
- The Institute of Science and Engineering, Division of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine; Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Kouroush Salimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Division of Bioengineering; Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Özlem Eğri
- The Institute of Science and Engineering, Division of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine; Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Erhan Pişkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Division of Bioengineering; Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
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Sulcis R, Lotti L, Coiai S, Ciardelli F, Passaglia E. Novel HDPE/ground tyre rubber composite materials obtained throughin-situpolymerization and polymerization filling technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sulcis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Pisa; Via Risorgimento 35 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Luca Lotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Pisa; Via Risorgimento 35 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Serena Coiai
- CNR-ICCOM UOS Pisa; Via Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Ciardelli
- CNR-ICCOM UOS Pisa; Via Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
- SPIN-PET s.r.l; Via Risorgimento 35 56126 Pisa Italy
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8
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Yu L, Chen L, Dong LP, Li LJ, Wang YZ. Organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant: preparation, characterization and application in EVA. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Campos JM, Lourenço JP, Cramail H, Ribeiro MR. Nanostructured silica materials in olefin polymerisation: From catalytic behaviour to polymer characteristics. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Stürzel M, Kempe F, Thomann Y, Mark S, Enders M, Mülhaupt R. Novel Graphene UHMWPE Nanocomposites Prepared by Polymerization Filling Using Single-Site Catalysts Supported on Functionalized Graphene Nanosheet Dispersions. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301376q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stürzel
- Freiburg Materials Research
Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79098
Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kempe
- Freiburg Materials Research
Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79098
Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yi Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research
Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79098
Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mark
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Heidelberg, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 270,
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Enders
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Heidelberg, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 270,
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research
Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79098
Freiburg, Germany
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Carrero A, van Grieken R, Suarez I, Paredes B. Development of a new synthetic method based on in situ strategies for polyethylene/clay composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Xiao P, Sun L, Xiao M, Gong K. Preparation and Properties of Exfoliated Graphite/Polystyrene Composite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-661-kk5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTA composite based on exfoliated graphite (EG) and polystyrene was prepared by polymerization-filling technique. With the argument of the amount of filled EG, the molecular weight of polystyrene in the resulting composite increased and the molecular weight distribution decreased. The glass transition temperature of the polystyrene was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and showed the glass temperature of polystyrene increasing to 123.74°C. The thermal degradation behavior was studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and showed higher thermal stability of the composite than that of pure polystyrene and polystyrene//EG composite prepared by melt-blending. Four-probe instrument and high resistivity meter were used to measure the volume conductivity of the composites. Composites prepared by both polymerization-filling technique and melt-blending exhibit increased electrical conductivity, while composite prepared by polymerization-filling technique has a conductive percolation threshold lower than 2.5wt%.
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Mittal V. Polymer Nanocomposites in Emulsion and Suspension: an Overview. POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES BY EMULSION AND SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732192-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites have been a subject of intense research in the recent yeas. By nanoscale dispersion of inorganic fillers in the polymer matrices, significant enhancements in the properties of the materials have been achieved at very low filler volume fractions. Different modes of nanocomposite synthesis have been developed in the recent years which include template synthesis, in-situ polymerization, melt intercalation and polymer or prepolymer adsorption from solution. The last methodology also covers emulsion and suspension polymerization techniques for the synthesis of nanocomposites. These emulsion and suspension modes of polymer nanocomposite synthesis have the advantage that the polymerization is carried out in the presence of water which does not allow buildup of viscosity and the heat dissipation from the system is also easily achieved. The potential thermal damage to the polymer and the organic modification usually encountered in the melt intercalation is also avoided in the case of emulsion and suspension polymerization. Different polymer systems have been reported like polystyrene, polyurethanes, epoxy, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(butyl acrylate) etc. Specific synthetic methodologies like surfactant free polymerization, controlled living polymerization etc. have also been reported to successfully achieve nanocomposites with superior properties than the pure polymers. Majority of the studies bring home the conclusion that the amount of clay as well as surface modification present on clay surface significantly affect the microstructure and properties of the nanocomposite particles. Apart from clay as filler, many studies also have used the spherical inorganic particles as reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Mittal
- BASF SE, Polymer Research, 67069 Ludwigshafen Germany
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Abstract
This review aims to present recent advances in the synthesis and structure characterization as well as the properties of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. The advent of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites has revolutionized research into polymer composite materials. Nanocomposites are organic-inorganic hybrid materials in which at least one dimension of the filler is less than 100 nm. A number of synthesis routes have been developed in the recent years to prepare these materials, which include intercalation of polymers or pre-polymers from solution, in-situ polymerization, melt intercalation etc. The nanocomposites where the filler platelets can be dispersed in the polymer at the nanometer scale owing to the specific filler surface modifications, exhibit significant improvement in the composite properties, which include enhanced mechanical strength, gas barrier, thermal stability, flame retardancy etc. Only a small amount of filler is generally required for the enhancement in the properties, which helps the composite materials retain transparency and low density.
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Bousmina M, Sain M, Choi P. Effects of raw fiber materials, fiber content, and coupling agent content on selected properties of polyethylene/wood fiber composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rzaev ZMO, Yilmazbayhan A, Alper E. A one-step preparation of compatibilized polypropylene-nanocomposites by reactive extrusion processing. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nachtigall SMB, Miotto M, Schneider EE, Mauler RS, Camargo Forte MM. Macromolecular coupling agents for flame retardant materials. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Plentz RS, Miotto M, Schneider EE, Forte MMC, Mauler RS, Nachtigall SMB. Effect of a macromolecular coupling agent on the properties of aluminum hydroxide/PP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Peeterbroeck S, Lepoittevin B, Pollet E, Benali S, Broekaert C, Alexandre M, Bonduel D, Viville P, Lazzaroni R, Dubois P. Polymer layered silicate/carbon nanotube nanocomposites: The catalyzed polymerization approach. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang Y, Rodrigue D, Aït-Kadi A. Polyethylene-Kevlar Composite Foams II: Mechanical Properties. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/026248930402300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene-Kevlar composite foams were prepared by polymerization-compounding and melt blending to investigated and understand the effect of fibers. In the first part of this study (Zhang et al., Cellular Plastics, 22, (2003), 279), we reported on the preparation and morphology of these composite foams. In this second part, the effect of fibers on the mechanical properties of composite foams is investigated. Using several models for particulate composites, it was found that the normalized modulus of our composite foams can be well predicted by the simple Moore's empirical equation to take into account the foam morphology in combination with Berlin's approach and Rosen's model for critical fiber aspect ratio to account for the effect of fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERSIM, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada, G1K 7P4
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERSIM, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada, G1K 7P4
| | - Abdellatif Aït-Kadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERSIM, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada, G1K 7P4
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Liu C, Tang T, Wang D, Huang B. In situ ethylene homopolymerization and copolymerization catalyzed by zirconocene catalysts entrapped inside functionalized montmorillonite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu C, Tang T, Zhao Z, Huang B. Preparation of functionalized montmorillonites and their application in supported zirconocene catalysts for ethylene polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pluta M, Alexandre M, Blacher S, Dubois P, Jerome R. Metallocene-catalyzed polymerization of ethylene in the presence of graphite. II. Structure and electrical properties of the composites. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Xiao P, Xiao M, Gong K. Preparation of exfoliated graphite/polystyrene composite by polymerization-filling technique. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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