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Yamano K, Haseda A, Iwabuchi K, Osabe T, Sudo Y, Pachakkil B, Tanaka K, Suzuki Y, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Onodera Y. QTL analysis of femaleness in monoecious spinach and fine mapping of a major QTL using an updated version of chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296675. [PMID: 38394294 PMCID: PMC10890751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although spinach is predominantly dioecious, monoecious plants with varying proportions of female and male flowers are also present. Recently, monoecious inbred lines with highly female and male conditions have been preferentially used as parents for F1-hybrids, rather than dioecious lines. Accordingly, identifying the loci for monoecism is an important issue for spinach breeding. We here used long-read sequencing and Hi-C technology to construct SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule, a set of six pseudomolecules of spinach chromosomes (total length: 879.2 Mb; BUSCO complete 97.0%) that are longer and more genetically complete than our previous version of pseudomolecules (688.0 Mb; 81.5%). Three QTLs, qFem2.1, qFem3.1, and qFem6.1, responsible for monoecism were mapped to SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule. qFem3.1 had the highest LOD score and corresponded to the M locus, which was previously identified as a determinant of monoecious expression, by genetic analysis of progeny from female and monoecious plants. The other QTLs were shown to modulate the ratio of female to male flowers in monoecious plants harboring a dominant allele of the M gene. Our findings will enable breeders to efficiently produce highly female- and male-monoecious parental lines for F1-hybrids by pyramiding the three QTLs. Through fine-mapping, we narrowed the candidate region for the M locus to a 19.5 kb interval containing three protein-coding genes and one long non-coding RNA gene. Among them, only RADIALIS-like-2a showed a higher expression in the reproductive organs, suggesting that it might play a role in reproductive organogenesis. However, there is no evidence that it is involved in the regulation of stamen and pistil initiation, which are directly related to the floral sex differentiation system in spinach. Given that auxin is involved in reproductive organ formation in many plant species, genes related to auxin transport/response, in addition to floral organ formation, were identified as candidates for regulators of floral sex-differentiation from qFem2.1 and qFem6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akane Haseda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Osabe
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Babil Pachakkil
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- The Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Onodera
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Qi J, Greb T. Cell polarity in plants: the Yin and Yang of cellular functions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:105-110. [PMID: 27918938 PMCID: PMC7212042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization is fundamental for the performance of living organisms and is reflected in a distinct distribution of structures and molecules down to the subcellular level. In particular, eukaryotic cells harbor a vast range of possibilities for distributing organelles, the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix in an active and highly regulated manner. An asymmetric or polar distribution is rather the rule than the exception and often reflects a particular position or orientation of a cell within a multicellular body. Here, we highlight recent insights into the regulation of cell polarity in plants and reveal the interactive nature of underlying molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Qi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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