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Hao G, Tiley H, McCormick S. Chitin Triggers Tissue-Specific Immunity in Wheat Associated With Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832502. [PMID: 35222488 PMCID: PMC8864176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the primary causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley. FHB reduces grain yield and contaminates grain with various mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON). DON acts as a virulence factor to promote the fungus passing the rachis node and spreading throughout the head of wheat but not barley. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the earliest defense responses during plant and pathogen interactions. However, the complex roles of ROS during FHB development remain unclear. We investigated immune responses in wheat triggered by chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls. Although no ROS burst was detected in chitin-treated wheat leaves from eight tested varieties, a robust ROS peak was triggered by chitin in tested barley leaves. Interestingly, ROS were induced by chitin in wheat rachises and rachis nodes, which are critical barriers for FHB spread in wheat. We demonstrated that ROS were induced in wheat rachis nodes from both FHB susceptible and resistant wheat varieties. Further, we showed different defense gene expression patterns in rachis nodes and wheat heads treated with chitin, and wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum. Our study showed the tissue-specific immune responses induced by chitin in wheat, which may play an important role during F. graminearum infection.
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Sánchez-Martín J, Keller B. NLR immune receptors and diverse types of non-NLR proteins control race-specific resistance in Triticeae. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102053. [PMID: 34052730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in large-scale sequencing, genomics, and rapid gene isolation techniques has accelerated the identification of race-specific resistance (R) genes and their corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in wheat, barley, rye, and their wild relatives. Here, we describe the growing repertoire of identified R and Avr genes with special emphasis on novel R gene architectures, revealing that there is a large diversity of proteins encoded by race-specific resistance genes that extends beyond the canonical nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins. Immune receptors with unique domain architectures controlling race-specific resistance possibly reveal novel aspects on the biology of host-pathogen interactions. We conclude that the polyploid cereal genomes have a large evolutionary potential to generate diverse types of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Effectors of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Suppressing the Pathogenic-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immune Response Were Screened by Transient Expression of Wheat Protoplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094985. [PMID: 34067160 PMCID: PMC8125866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stripe rust, and the effector protein secreted by haustoria is a very important component involved in the pathogenic process. Although the candidate effector proteins secreted by Pst haustoria have been predicted to be abundant, few have been functionally validated. Our study confirmed that chitin and flg22 could be used as elicitors of the pathogenic-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune (PTI) reaction in wheat leaves and that TaPr-1-14 could be used as a marker gene to detect the PTI reaction. In addition, the experimental results were consistent in wheat protoplasts. A rapid and efficient method for screening and identifying the effector proteins of Pst was established by using the wheat protoplast transient expression system. Thirty-nine Pst haustorial effector genes were successfully cloned and screened for expression in the protoplast. We identified three haustorial effector proteins, PSEC2, PSEC17, and PSEC45, that may inhibit the response of wheat to PTI. These proteins are localized in the somatic cytoplasm and nucleus of wheat protoplasts and are highly expressed during the infection and parasitism of wheat.
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Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Barghahn S, Arnal G, Jain N, Petutschnig E, Brumer H, Lipka V. Mixed Linkage β-1,3/1,4-Glucan Oligosaccharides Induce Defense Responses in Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682439. [PMID: 34220903 PMCID: PMC8247929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and modified "self" molecules produced during pathogen infection [danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)] with plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRR-mediated MAMP and/or DAMP perception activates signal transduction cascades, transcriptional reprogramming and plant immune responses collectively referred to as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Potential sources for MAMPs and DAMPs are microbial and plant cell walls, which are complex extracellular matrices composed of different carbohydrates and glycoproteins. Mixed linkage β-1,3/1,4-glucan (β-1,3/1,4-MLG) oligosaccharides are abundant components of monocot plant cell walls and are present in symbiotic, pathogenic and apathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria, but have not been detected in the cell walls of dicot plant species so far. Here, we provide evidence that the monocot crop plant H. vulgare and the dicot A. thaliana can perceive β-1,3/1,4-MLG oligosaccharides and react with prototypical PTI responses. A collection of Arabidopsis innate immunity signaling mutants and >100 Arabidopsis ecotypes showed unaltered responses upon treatment with β-1,3/1,4-MLG oligosaccharides suggesting the employment of a so far unknown and highly conserved perception machinery. In conclusion, we postulate that β-1,3/1,4-MLG oligosaccharides have the dual capacity to act as immune-active DAMPs and/or MAMPs in monocot and dicot plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Barghahn
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, The University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Arnal
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Namrata Jain
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, The University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, The University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Volker Lipka,
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Pathi KM, Rink P, Budhagatapalli N, Betz R, Saado I, Hiekel S, Becker M, Djamei A, Kumlehn J. Engineering Smut Resistance in Maize by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of LIPOXYGENASE 3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:543895. [PMID: 33193477 PMCID: PMC7609844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.543895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stresses caused by microbial pathogens impair crop yield and quality if not restricted by expensive and often ecologically problematic pesticides. For a sustainable agriculture of tomorrow, breeding or engineering of pathogen-resistant crop varieties is therefore a major cornerstone. Maize is one of the four most important cereal crops in the world. The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes galls on all aerial parts of the maize plant. Biotrophic pathogens like U. maydis co-evolved with their host plant and depend during their life cycle on successful manipulation of the host's cellular machinery. Therefore, removing or altering plant susceptibility genes is an effective and usually durable way to obtain resistance in plants. Transcriptional time course experiments in U. maydis-infected maize revealed numerous maize genes being upregulated upon establishment of biotrophy. Among these genes is the maize LIPOXYGENASE 3 (LOX3) previously shown to be a susceptibility factor for other fungal genera as well. Aiming to engineer durable resistance in maize against U. maydis and possibly other pathogens, we took a Cas endonuclease technology approach to generate loss of function mutations in LOX3. lox3 maize mutant plants react with an enhanced PAMP-triggered ROS burst implicating an enhanced defense response. Based on visual assessment of disease symptoms and quantification of relative fungal biomass, homozygous lox3 mutant plants exposed to U. maydis show significantly decreased susceptibility. U. maydis infection assays using a transposon mutant lox3 maize line further substantiated that LOX3 is a susceptibility factor for this important maize pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Pathi
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Philipp Rink
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nagaveni Budhagatapalli
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruben Betz
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Indira Saado
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martin Becker
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Biotrophy & Immunity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Käsbauer CL, Pathuri IP, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Hückelhoven R, Proels RK. Barley ADH-1 modulates susceptibility to Bgh and is involved in chitin-induced systemic resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:281-287. [PMID: 29275209 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant primary energy metabolism is profoundly reorganized under biotic stress conditions and there is increasing evidence for a role of the fermentative pathway in biotic interactions. Previously we showed via transient gene silencing or overexpression a function of barley alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (HvADH-1) in the interaction of barley with the parasitic fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). Here we extend our studies on stable transgenic barley events over- or under-expressing HvADH-1 to analyse ADH-1 functions at the level of whole plants. Knock-down (KD) of HvADH-1 by dsRNA interference resulted in reduced and overexpression of HvADH-1 in strongly increased HvADH-1 enzyme activity in leaves of stable transgenic barley plants. The KD of HvADH-1 coincided with a reduced susceptibility to Bgh of both excised leaves and leaves of intact plants. Overexpression (OE) of HvADH-1 results in increased susceptibility to Bgh when excised leaves but not when whole seedlings were inoculated. When first leaves of 10-day-old barley plants were treated with a chitin elicitor, we observed a reduced enzyme activity of ADH-1/-1 homodimers at 48 h after treatment in the second, systemic leaf for empty vector controls and HvADH-1 KD events, but not for the HvADH-1 OE events. Reduced ADH-1 activity in the systemic leaf of empty vector controls and HvADH-1 KD events coincided with chitin-induced resistance to Bgh. Taken together, stable HvADH-1 (KD) or systemic down-regulation of ADH-1/-1 activity by chitin treatment modulated the pathogen response of barley to the biotrophic fungal parasite Bgh and resulted in less successful infections by Bgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph L Käsbauer
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Indira Priyadarshini Pathuri
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Reinhard K Proels
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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