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Skarżyński H, Gos E, Raj-Koziak D, Skarżyński PH. Skarzynski Tinnitus Scale: validation of a brief and robust tool for assessing tinnitus in a clinical population. Eur J Med Res 2018; 23:54. [PMID: 30382881 PMCID: PMC6211414 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-018-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many tinnitus scales are available, but all of them have certain limitations. The aim of the current study was to present a psychometric data of a new brief and reliable questionnaire that could be conveniently used for evaluating tinnitus complaint in adults (either with normal or impaired hearing)-Skarzynski Tinnitus Scale (STS). METHODS The study included 125 participants with at least 1 month of tinnitus duration. All participants were asked to complete the STS, Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (THS), Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), and Beck Depression Inventory. Psychometric properties of the new tool were tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson bivariate correlation with other tinnitus questionnaires, Pearson bivariate correlation with pure-tone audiometry, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, limits of agreement, smallest detectable change, and floor and ceiling effects. Norms for tinnitus severity as measured by the STS are proposed. RESULTS As a whole, the STS has excellent reliability (ICC = 0.94) and good internal consistency (α = 0.91). The results of EFA and content analysis of wording of the items justified the three-factorial structure. The convergent validity was proven by a significant positive correlation with THI, TFI and THS Subscale A scores. Additionally, the authors proposed norms dividing the results into four tinnitus severity grades. CONCLUSIONS Statistical analysis shows that STS is a brief but robust tool well-suited to clinical practice. A feature of STS is that it takes into account the impact of tinnitus on the patient's psychological (emotional, cognitive) and functional domains as well as their ability to cope with tinnitus-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Skarżyński
- World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 17 Mokra st., Kajetany / 10 Mochnackiego, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gos
- World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 17 Mokra st., Kajetany / 10 Mochnackiego, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Raj-Koziak
- World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 17 Mokra st., Kajetany / 10 Mochnackiego, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr H Skarżyński
- World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 17 Mokra st., Kajetany / 10 Mochnackiego, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland. .,Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Second Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Institute of Sensory Organs, 1 Mokra st., Kajetany, 05-830, Warsaw, Poland.
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Martz E, Henry JA. Coping with tinnitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 53:729-742. [PMID: 27997668 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2015.09.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This narrative article on coping with tinnitus has four primary objectives. First, theoretical perspectives about defining and categorizing coping are discussed. Second, an overview of the empirical research on coping with tinnitus is provided, focusing on how coping with tinnitus has been measured and on the trends that were found in research on coping with tinnitus. Third, the problems related to the current state of research on coping with tinnitus are highlighted. Fourth, suggestions are provided on ways that researchers can improve research on coping with tinnitus.
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Searchfield GD, Linford T, Durai M. Sound therapy and aural rehabilitation for tinnitus: a person centred therapy framework based on an ecological model of tinnitus. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 41:1966-1973. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1451928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant D. Searchfield
- Eisdell Moore Centre, Centre for Brain Research, Section of Audiology, Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tania Linford
- Eisdell Moore Centre, Centre for Brain Research, Section of Audiology, Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mithila Durai
- Eisdell Moore Centre, Centre for Brain Research, Section of Audiology, Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Beukes EW, Manchaiah V, Andersson G, Allen PM, Terlizzi PM, Baguley DM. Situationally influenced tinnitus coping strategies: a mixed methods approach. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 40:2884-2894. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1362708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eldré W. Beukes
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vinaya Manchaiah
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science and Learning, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Audiology India, Mysore, India
- Department of Speech and Hearing School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M. Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Vision and Eye Research Unit Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paige M. Terlizzi
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA
| | - David M. Baguley
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
- Otology and Hearing Group Division of Clinical Neuroscience School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Heinrich S, Rozental A, Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cotter K, Weise C. Treating tinnitus distress via the Internet: A mixed methods approach of what makes patients seek help and stay motivated during Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy. Internet Interv 2016; 4:120-130. [PMID: 30135798 PMCID: PMC6096122 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) has proven to be an effective treatment in improving patients' ability to cope with tinnitus. However, some patients prefer face-to-face therapy to ICBT, and a few studies have shown considerable dropout rates if the treatment is not guided. This renders it important to identify factors that contribute to the commencement and continuation of ICBT programs. AIMS Because treatment motivation and expectations are important factors in psychological treatment, the aim of our study was to investigate what leads tinnitus patients to seek out ICBT, what helps them to keep up with the treatment, and what (if any) impact these factors have on dropout rates and treatment outcomes. METHOD 112 tinnitus patients taking part in ICBT for tinnitus responded to symptom-related questionnaires at three points in time (pre-treatment, post-treatment, and one-year-follow-up) and to a questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions about their treatment motivation and expectations before beginning treatment. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, and the results were used to divide the participants into groups. The treatment outcomes of these groups were compared using t-tests, χ2-tests, and both one-factorial and mixed ANOVAs. RESULTS Four main categories emerged as factors conducive to starting treatment: 1) Targets participants wanted to address, 2) circumstances that led to participation, 3) attitudes towards the treatment, and 4) training features. Participants identified six facilitators for continuing the treatment: success, training, individual attitude, hope, evidence, and support. Naming specific tinnitus-associated problems as targets was associated with greater improvement from pre-treatment to 1-year-follow-up. Describing an active involvement in the treatment was related to increased improvement from post-treatment to follow-up. CONCLUSION There are several motivational factors that tinnitus patients consider relevant for beginning and continuing ICBT. Particularly, focusing on specific targets that do not involve the tinnitus itself, and encouraging participants to take an active role in treatment may increase treatment effectiveness. However, further hypothesis-guided research is necessary to confirm our explorative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Heinrich
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Carlbring
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Cotter
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Weise
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Corresponding author at: Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Gutenbergstrasse 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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McKenna L, Handscomb L, Hoare DJ, Hall DA. A scientific cognitive-behavioral model of tinnitus: novel conceptualizations of tinnitus distress. Front Neurol 2014; 5:196. [PMID: 25339938 PMCID: PMC4186305 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of psychological factors in tinnitus distress has been formally recognized for almost three decades. The psychological understanding of why tinnitus can be a distressing condition posits that it becomes problematic when it acquires an emotive significance through cognitive processes. Principle therapeutic efforts are directed at reducing or removing the cognitive (and behavioral) obstacles to habituation. Here, the evidence relevant to a new psychological model of tinnitus is critically reviewed. The model posits that patients' interpretations of tinnitus and the changes in behavior that result are given a central role in creating and maintaining distress. The importance of selective attention and the possibility that this leads to distorted perception of tinnitus is highlighted. From this body of evidence, we propose a coherent cognitive-behavioral model of tinnitus distress that is more in keeping with contemporary psychological theories of clinical problems (particularly that of insomnia) and which postulates a number of behavioral processes that are seen as cognitively mediated. This new model provides testable hypotheses to guide future research to unravel the complex mechanisms underpinning tinnitus distress. It is also well suited to define individual symptomatology and to provide a framework for the delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence McKenna
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College Hospitals , London , UK
| | - Lucy Handscomb
- Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK ; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK ; UCL Ear Institute, University College London , London , UK
| | - Derek J Hoare
- Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK ; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK ; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
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Vollmann M, Scharloo M, Langguth B, Kalkouskaya N, Salewski C. Illness representations as mediators of the relationship between dispositional optimism and depression in patients with chronic tinnitus: A cross-sectional study. Psychol Health 2013; 29:81-93. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.828294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Weise C, Hesser H, Andersson G, Nyenhuis N, Zastrutzki S, Kröner-Herwig B, Jäger B. The role of catastrophizing in recent onset tinnitus: its nature and association with tinnitus distress and medical utilization. Int J Audiol 2013; 52:177-88. [PMID: 23301660 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2012.752111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent tinnitus affects 10 to 15% of adults. Little is understood about why only a small percentage of patients become severely affected. Catastrophic thinking has been suggested as one potentially relevant factor that might influence a patient's coping behavior, and thus tinnitus habituation. The current study investigates the concept of tinnitus catastrophizing and its relation with distress and medical utilization in recent onset tinnitus. DESIGN Participants were administered a survey assessing catastrophizing, tinnitus distress, medical utilization, coping, and mood disturbance. Regression analyses investigated the nature of tinnitus catastrophizing and its contributions to distress and health care utilization. STUDY SAMPLE 278 subjects with tinnitus for less than six months were recruited from Ear-Nose-Throat units, through the internet, and newspaper articles. RESULTS Controlling for background variables, high subjective tinnitus loudness, low behavioral coping, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with tinnitus catastrophizing. Furthermore, greater tinnitus catastrophizing was related to higher distress and more frequent medical visits. CONCLUSIONS Tinnitus catastrophizing appears to be pivotal already at an early stage of tinnitus experience. Addressing catastrophizing by specific prevention and intervention programs might reduce the development of distress and medical utilization in the long term. Longitudinal studies are required to clarify cause-effect relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Weise
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Westin VZ, Schulin M, Hesser H, Karlsson M, Noe RZ, Olofsson U, Stalby M, Wisung G, Andersson G. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Tinnitus Retraining Therapy in the treatment of tinnitus: A randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2011; 49:737-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Andersson G, Westin V. Understanding tinnitus distress: Introducing the concepts of moderators and mediators. Int J Audiol 2009; 47 Suppl 2:S106-11. [DOI: 10.1080/14992020802301670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hesser H, Westin V, Hayes SC, Andersson G. Clients’ in-session acceptance and cognitive defusion behaviors in acceptance-based treatment of tinnitus distress. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47:523-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Westin V, Ostergren R, Andersson G. The effects of acceptance versus thought suppression for dealing with the intrusiveness of tinnitus. Int J Audiol 2009; 47 Suppl 2:S112-8. [PMID: 19012119 DOI: 10.1080/14992020802301688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acceptance versus suppression of disruptions on a mental imagery task in a sample of tinnitus patients. Previous research has indicated that acceptance can be an effective strategy for dealing with unpleasant experiences such as pain and anxiety. The study used a between-group design, including 47 participants who completed a task involving mental imagery in a sound-proof booth. Participants were randomly assigned to three instruction conditions: acceptance, suppression, or a control condition. The results showed a significant difference between the acceptance group and the control group in that participants in the acceptance group were able to focus on the imagery task for a longer time without being interrupted. The study provides preliminary support for the notion that acceptance can be a helpful strategy for tinnitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendela Westin
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Is it the sound or your relationship to it? The role of acceptance in predicting tinnitus impact. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The Additive Effect of Co-Occurring Anxiety and Depression on Health Status, Quality of Life and Coping Strategies in Help-Seeking Tinnitus Sufferers. Ear Hear 2008; 29:947-56. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e3181888f83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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