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Huang Z, Braunstein Z, Chen J, Wei Y, Rao X, Dong L, Zhong J. Precision Medicine in Rheumatic Diseases: Unlocking the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:579-598. [PMID: 38622001 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy. These innovative compounds combine the precision of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cell-killing or immune-modulating abilities of attached drug payloads. This unique strategy not only reduces off-target toxicity but also enhances the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. Beyond their well established role in oncology, ADCs are now showing promising potential in addressing the unmet needs in the therapeutics of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic diseases, a diverse group of chronic autoimmune diseases with varying etiologies, clinical presentations, and prognoses, often demand prolonged pharmacological interventions, creating a pressing need for novel, efficient, and low-risk treatment options. ADCs, with their ability to precisely target the immune components, have emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in this context. This review will provide an overview of the core components and mechanisms behind ADCs, a summary of the latest clinical trials of ADCs for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, and a discussion of the challenges and future prospects faced by the development of next-generation ADCs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is a lack of efficient and low-risk targeted therapeutics for rheumatic diseases. Antibody-drug conjugates, a class of cutting-edge therapeutic drugs, have emerged as a promising targeted therapeutic strategy for rheumatic disease. Although there is limited literature summarizing the progress of antibody-drug conjugates in the field of rheumatic disease, updating the advancements in this area provides novel insights into the development of novel antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Huang
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Chen
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yingying Wei
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Lingli Dong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
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Yin X, Zhuang Y, Song H, Xu Y, Zhang F, Cui J, Zhao L, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Ye J, Chen Y, Han Y. Antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates for targeted treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:389-400. [PMID: 38618248 PMCID: PMC11010626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new type of targeting antibodies that conjugate with highly toxic anticancer drugs via chemical linkers to exert high specificity and efficient killing of tumor cells, thereby attracting considerable attention in precise oncology therapy. Cetuximab (Cet) is a typical antibody that offers the benefits of good targeting and safety for individuals with advanced and inoperable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC); however, its anti-tumor activity is limited to a single use. Cisplatin (CisPt) shows good curative effects; however, its adverse effects and non-tumor-targeting ability are major drawbacks. In this study, we designed and developed a new ADC based on a new cytotoxic platinum (IV) prodrug (C8Pt(IV)) and Cet. The so-called antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates, named Cet-C8Pt(IV), showed excellent tumor targeting in cSCC. Specifically, it accurately delivered C8Pt(IV) into tumor cells to exert the combined anti-tumor effect of Cet and CisPt. Herein, metabolomic analysis showed that Cet-C8Pt(IV) promoted cellular apoptosis and increased DNA damage in cSCC cells by affecting the vitamin B6 metabolic pathway in tumor cells, thereby further enhancing the tumor-killing ability and providing a new strategy for clinical cancer treatment using antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Yin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Zhuang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haiqin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianxin Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qixu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Youbai Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Ziaei V, Ghassempour A, Davami F, Azarian B, Behdani M, Dabiri H, Habibi-Anbouhi M. Production and characterization of a camelid single domain anti-CD22 antibody conjugated to DM1. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:579-590. [PMID: 37129769 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) with twelve FDA approved drugs, known as a novel category of anti-neoplastic treatment created to merge the monoclonal antibody specificity with cytotoxicity effect of chemotherapy. However, despite many undeniable advantages, ADCs face certain problems, including insufficient internalization after binding, complex structures and large size of full antibodies especially in targeting of solid tumors. Camelid single domain antibody fragments (Nanobody®) offer solutions to this challenge by providing nanoscale size, high solubility and excellent stability, recombinant expression in bacteria, in vivo enhanced tissue penetration, and conjugation advantages. Here, an anti-human CD22 Nanobody was expressed in E.coli cells and conjugated to Mertansine (DM1) as a cytotoxic payload. The anti-CD22 Nanobody was expressed and purified by Ni-NTA resin. DM1 conjugated anti-CD22 Nanobody was generated by conjugation of SMCC-DM1 to Nanobody lysine groups. The conjugates were characterized using SDS-PAGE and Capillary electrophoresis (CE-SDS), RP-HPLC, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis and a competition ELISA were carried out for binding evaluation. Finally, cytotoxicity of conjugates on Raji and Jurkat cell lines was assessed. The drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of conjugates was calculated 2.04 using UV spectrometry. SDS-PAGE, CE-SDS, HPLC, and mass spectrometry confirmed conjugation of DM1 to the Nanobody. The obtained results showed the anti-CD22 Nanobody cytotoxicity was enhanced almost 80% by conjugation with DM1. The binding of conjugates was similar to the non-conjugated anti-CD22 Nanobody in flow cytometry experiments. Concludingly, this study successfully suggest that the DM1 conjugated anti-CD22 Nanobody can be used as a novel tumor specific drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ziaei
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Azarian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Bio Therapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Dabiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Boni V, Fidler MJ, Arkenau HT, Spira A, Meric-Bernstam F, Uboha N, Sanborn RE, Sweis RF, LoRusso P, Nagasaka M, Garcia-Corbacho J, Jalal S, Harding JJ, Kim SK, Miedema IH, Vugts DJ, Huisman MC, Zwezerijnen GJ, van Dongen GA, Menke van der Houven van Oordt CW, Wang S, Dang T, Zein IA, Vasiljeva O, Lyman SK, Paton V, Hannah A, Liu JF. Praluzatamab Ravtansine, a CD166-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: An Open-Label Phase I/II Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2020-2029. [PMID: 35165101 PMCID: PMC9365353 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Praluzatamab ravtansine (CX-2009) is a conditionally activated Probody drug conjugate (PDC) comprising an anti-CD166 mAb conjugated to DM4, with a protease-cleavable linker and a peptide mask that limits target engagement in normal tissue and circulation. The tumor microenvironment is enriched for proteases capable of cleaving the linker, thereby releasing the mask, allowing for localized binding of CX-2009 to CD166. CX-2009 was evaluated in a phase I/II clinical trial for patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had metastatic cancer receiving ≥2 prior treatments. CX-2009 was administered at escalating doses every 3 weeks (0.25-10 mg/kg) or every 2 weeks (4-6 mg/kg). Primary objective was to determine the safety profile and recommended phase II dose (RP2D). RESULTS Of 99 patients enrolled, the most prevalent subtype was breast cancer (n = 45). Median number of prior therapies was 5 (range, 1-19). Dose-limiting toxicities were observed at 8 mg/kg every 3 weeks and 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks. On the basis of tolerability, the RP2D was 7 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Tumor regressions were observed at doses ≥4 mg/kg. In the hormone receptor-positive/HER2-nonamplified breast cancer subset (n = 22), 2 patients (9%) had confirmed partial responses, and 10 patients (45%) had stable disease. Imaging with zirconium-labeled CX-2009 confirmed uptake in tumor lesions and shielding of major organs. Activated, unmasked CX-2009 was measurable in 18 of 22 posttreatment biopsies. CONCLUSIONS CD166 is a novel, ubiquitously expressed target. CX-2009 is the first conditionally activated antibody-drug conjugate to CD166 to demonstrate both translational and clinical activity in a variety of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boni
- START Madrid HM CIOCC (Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Nataliya Uboha
- University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rachel E. Sanborn
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | | | | | - Shadia Jalal
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James J. Harding
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Iris H.C. Miedema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc C. Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben J.C. Zwezerijnen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus A.M.S. van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Song Wang
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Tam Dang
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ivan A. Zein
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Susan K. Lyman
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Virginia Paton
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alison Hannah
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Joyce F. Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Su Z, Xiao D, Xie F, Liu L, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3889-3907. [PMID: 35024314 PMCID: PMC8727783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are gradually revolutionizing clinical cancer therapy. The antibody–drug conjugate linker molecule determines both the efficacy and the adverse effects, and so has a major influence on the fate of ADCs. An ideal linker should be stable in the circulatory system and release the cytotoxic payload specifically in the tumor. However, existing linkers often release payloads nonspecifically and inevitably lead to off-target toxicity. This defect is becoming an increasingly important factor that restricts the development of ADCs. The pursuit of ADCs with optimal therapeutic windows has resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel linkers. The present review summarizes the advance of the chemical trigger, linker‒antibody attachment and linker‒payload attachment over the last 5 years, and describes the ADMET properties of ADCs. This work also helps clarify future developmental directions for the linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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Theocharopoulos C, Lialios PP, Samarkos M, Gogas H, Ziogas DC. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Functional Principles and Applications in Oncology and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1111. [PMID: 34696218 PMCID: PMC8538104 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, antibody-based therapeutics are rapidly enriched with emerging advances and new proof-of-concept formats. In this context, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have evolved to merge the high selectivity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cytotoxic potency of attached payloads. So far, ten ADCs have been approved by FDA for oncological indications and many others are currently being tested in clinical and preclinical level. This paper summarizes the essential components of ADCs, from their functional principles and structure up to their limitations and resistance mechanisms, focusing on all latest bioengineering breakthroughs such as bispecific mAbs, dual-drug platforms as well as novel linkers and conjugation chemistries. In continuation of our recent review on anticancer implication of ADC's technology, further insights regarding their potential usage outside of the oncological spectrum are also presented. Better understanding of immunoconjugates could maximize their efficacy and optimize their safety, extending their use in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios C. Ziogas
- First Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (C.T.); (P.-P.L.); (M.S.); (H.G.)
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Single Domain Antibodies as Carriers for Intracellular Drug Delivery: A Proof of Principle Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070927. [PMID: 34206656 PMCID: PMC8301836 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently used for the targeted delivery of drugs to diseased cells, but intracellular drug delivery and therefore efficacy may be suboptimal because of the large size, slow internalization and ineffective intracellular trafficking of the antibody. Using a phage display method selecting internalizing phages only, we developed internalizing single domain antibodies (sdAbs) with high binding affinity to rat PDGFRβ, a receptor involved in different types of diseases. We demonstrate that these constructs have different characteristics with respect to internalization rates but all traffic to lysosomes. To compare their efficacy in targeted drug delivery, we conjugated the sdAbs to a cytotoxic drug. The conjugates showed improved cytotoxicity correlating to their internalization speed. The efficacy of the conjugates was inhibited in the presence of vacuolin-1, an inhibitor of lysosomal maturation, suggesting lysosomal trafficking is needed for efficient drug release. In conclusion, sdAb constructs with different internalization rates can be designed against the same target, and sdAbs with a high internalization rate induce more cell killing than sdAbs with a lower internalization rate in vitro. Even though the overall efficacy should also be tested in vivo, sdAbs are particularly interesting formats to be explored to obtain different internalization rates.
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The Chemistry Behind ADCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050442. [PMID: 34067144 PMCID: PMC8152005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining the selective targeting of tumor cells through antigen-directed recognition and potent cell-killing by cytotoxic payloads, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged in recent years as an efficient therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers. Besides a number of approved drugs already on the market, there is a formidable follow-up of ADC candidates in clinical development. While selection of the appropriate antibody (A) and drug payload (D) is dictated by the pharmacology of the targeted disease, one has a broader choice of the conjugating linker (C). In the present paper, we review the chemistry of ADCs with a particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on the chemical methods that enable the efficient assembly of the ADC from its three components and the controlled release of the drug payload.
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Xenaki KT, Dorresteijn B, Muns JA, Adamzek K, Doulkeridou S, Houthoff H, Oliveira S, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP. Homogeneous tumor targeting with a single dose of HER2-targeted albumin-binding domain-fused nanobody-drug conjugates results in long-lasting tumor remission in mice. Theranostics 2021; 11:5525-5538. [PMID: 33859761 PMCID: PMC8039960 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The non-homogenous distribution of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) within solid tumors is a major limiting factor for their wide clinical application. Nanobodies have been shown to rapidly penetrate into xenografts, achieving more homogeneous tumor targeting. However, their rapid renal clearance can hamper their application as nanobody drug conjugates (NDCs). Here, we evaluate whether half-life extension via non-covalent interaction with albumin can benefit the efficacy of a HER2-targeted NDC. Methods: HER2-targeted nanobody 11A4 and the irrelevant nanobody R2 were genetically fused to an albumin-binding domain (ABD) at their C-terminus. Binding to both albumin and tumor cells was determined by ELISA-based assays. The internalization potential as well as the in vitro efficacy of NDCs were tested on HER2 expressing cells. Serum half-life of iodinated R2 and R2-ABD was studied in tumor-free mice. The distribution of fluorescently labelled 11A4 and 11A4-ABD was assessed in vitro in 3D spheroids. Subsequently, the in vivo distribution was evaluated by optical molecular imaging and ex vivo by tissue biodistribution and tumor immunohistochemical analysis after intravenous injection of IRDye800-conjugated nanobodies in mice bearing HER2-positive subcutaneous xenografts. Finally, efficacy studies were performed in HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenograft-bearing mice intravenously injected with a single dose (250 nmol/kg) of nanobodies conjugated to auristatin F (AF) either via a maleimide or the organic Pt(II)‑based linker, coined Lx®. Results: 11A4-ABD was able to bind albumin and HER2 and was internalized by HER2 expressing cells, irrespective of albumin presence. Interaction with albumin did not alter its distribution through 3D spheroids. Fusion to ABD resulted in a 14.8-fold increase in the serum half-life, as illustrated with the irrelevant nanobody. Furthermore, ABD fusion prolonged the accumulation of 11A4-ABD in HER2-expressing xenografts without affecting the expected homogenous intratumoral distribution. Next to that, reduced kidney retention of ABD-fused nanobodies was observed. Finally, a single dose administration of either 11A4-ABD-maleimide-AF or 11A4-ABD-Lx-AF led to long-lasting tumor remission in HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenograft-bearing mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that genetic fusion of a nanobody to ABD can significantly extend serum half-life, resulting in prolonged and homogenous tumor accumulation. Most importantly, as supported by the impressive anti-tumor efficacy observed after a single dose administration of 11A4-ABD-AF, our data reveal that monovalent internalizing ABD-fused nanobodies have potential for the development of highly effective NDCs.
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Merkul E, Muns JA, Sijbrandi NJ, Houthoff H, Nijmeijer B, Rheenen G, Reedijk J, Dongen GAMS. An Efficient Conjugation Approach for Coupling Drugs to Native Antibodies via the Pt
II
Linker
Lx
for Improved Manufacturability of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Joey A. Muns
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Sijbrandi
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik‐Jan Houthoff
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijmeijer
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Gerro Rheenen
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reedijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University PO Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Amsterdam UMC, location VU medical center Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Merkul E, Muns JA, Sijbrandi NJ, Houthoff H, Nijmeijer B, van Rheenen G, Reedijk J, van Dongen GAMS. An Efficient Conjugation Approach for Coupling Drugs to Native Antibodies via the Pt II Linker Lx for Improved Manufacturability of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3008-3015. [PMID: 33185916 PMCID: PMC7986738 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The PtII linker [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+ , coined Lx, has emerged as a novel non-conventional approach to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and has shown its potential in preclinical in vitro and in vivo benchmark studies. A crucial improvement of the Lx conjugation reaction from initially <15 % to ca. 75-90 % conjugation efficiency is described, resulting from a systematic screening of all relevant reaction parameters. NaI, a strikingly simple inorganic salt additive, greatly improves the conjugation efficiency as well as the conjugation selectivity simply by exchanging the leaving chloride ligand on Cl-Lx-drug complexes (which are direct precursors for Lx-ADCs) for iodide, thus generating I-Lx-drug complexes as more reactive species. Using this iodide effect, we developed a general and highly practical conjugation procedure that is scalable: our lead Lx-ADC was produced on a 5 g scale with an outstanding conjugation efficiency of 89 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Joey A. Muns
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Sijbrandi
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Nijmeijer
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Gerro van Rheenen
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Reedijk
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95022300RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam UMC, location VU medical centerAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Chomet M, Schreurs M, Nguyen M, Howng B, Villanueva R, Krimm M, Vasiljeva O, van Dongen GA, Vugts DJ. The tumor targeting performance of anti-CD166 Probody drug conjugate CX-2009 and its parental derivatives as monitored by 89Zr-immuno-PET in xenograft bearing mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5815-5828. [PMID: 32483421 PMCID: PMC7255005 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probody® therapeutics are recombinant masked monoclonal antibody (mAb) prodrugs that become activated by proteases present in the tumor microenvironment. This makes them attractive for use as Probody drug conjugates (PDCs). CX-2009 is a novel PDC with the toxic drug DM4 coupled to an anti-CD166 Probody therapeutic. CD166 is overexpressed in multiple tumor types and to a lesser extent by healthy tissue. Methods: The tumor targeting potential of CX-2009 was assessed by performing 89Zr-immuno-PET/biodistribution/therapy studies in a CD166-positive H292 lung cancer mouse model. Head-to-head comparisons of CX-2009 with the Probody therapeutic without DM4 (CX-191), the unmasked antibody drug conjugate (ADC) CX-1031, and the parental mAb CX-090 were performed. All constructs were 89Zr labeled in a GMP compliant way, administered at 10, 110, or 510 µg, and ex vivo biodistribution was assessed at 24, 72, and 168 hours post-injection. Results: Comparable biodistribution was observed for all constructs, confirmed with PET/CT. Tumors showed the highest uptake: 21.8 ± 2.3 ([89Zr]Zr-CX-2009), 21.8 ± 5.0 ([89Zr]Zr‑CX-191), 18.7 ± 2.5 ([89Zr]Zr-CX-1031) and 20.8 ± 0.9 %ID/g ([89Zr]Zr-CX-090) at 110 µg injected. Increasing the dose to 510 µg resulted in lower tumor uptake and higher blood levels for all constructs, suggesting receptor saturation. In addition, CX-2009 and CX-1031 showed similar therapeutic potential. Conclusions: CX-2009 is optimally capable of targeting CD166-expressing tumors when compared with its derivatives, implying that enzymatic activation inside the tumor, required to allow CD166 binding, does not limit tumor targeting. Because CX-2009 does not bind to mouse CD166, however, reduced targeting of healthy organs should be confirmed in ongoing clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET studies.
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Poelstra K. Innovative Nanotechnological Formulations to Reach the Hepatic Stellate Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43152-020-00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Treatment of liver fibrosis benefits from hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-specific delivery. Since the description of first carrier to HSC, many developments have taken place in this area. The purpose is to give an overview of the different carriers and homing moieties that are available for HSC targeting and illustrate the opportunities and hurdles they provide.
Recent Findings
There is a growing number of homing devices to deliver drugs to HSC, and options to deliver siRNA to HSC have emerged. Other developments include controlling corona formation, development of linker technology, and design of theranostic approaches. We are on the eve of reaching the clinic with innovative HSC-specific compounds.
Summary
An overview of different core molecules is presented together with an overview of targeting strategies toward different receptors on HSC, providing a versatile toolbox. Many therapeutics, ranging from small chemical entities and proteins to RNA- or DNA-modulating substances, have already been incorporated in these constructs in the recent years.
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