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Ghosh C, Hu J. Importance of targeting various cell signaling pathways in solid cancers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 385:101-155. [PMID: 38663958 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Most adult human cancers are solid tumors prevailing in vital organs and lead to mortality all over the globe. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer genes or genes of associated signaling pathways impart the most common characteristic of malignancy, that is, uncontrolled proliferation. Unless the mechanism of action of these cells signaling pathways (involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and the maintenance of the stemness of cancer stem cells and cancer microenvironment) and their physiologic alteration are extensively studied, it is challenging to understand tumorigenesis as well as develop new treatments and precision medicines. Targeted therapy is one of the most promising strategies for treating various cancers. However, cancer is an evolving disease, and most patients develop resistance to these drugs by acquired mutations or mediation of microenvironmental factors or due to tumor heterogeneity. Researchers are striving to develop novel therapeutic options like combinatorial approaches targeting multiple responsible pathways effectively. Thus, in-depth knowledge of cell signaling and its components remains a critical topic of cancer research. This chapter summarized various extensively studied pathways in solid cancer and how they are targeted for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrayee Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Unites States.
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Unites States
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2
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Bachari A, Nassar N, Schanknecht E, Telukutla S, Piva TJ, Mantri N. Rationalizing a prospective coupling effect of cannabinoids with the current pharmacotherapy for melanoma treatment. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1633. [PMID: 37920964 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the leading fatal forms of cancer, yet from a treatment perspective, we have minimal control over its reoccurrence and resistance to current pharmacotherapies. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has recently been accepted as a multifaceted homeostatic regulator, influencing various physiological processes across different biological compartments, including the skin. This review presents an overview of the pathophysiology of melanoma, current pharmacotherapy used for treatment, and the challenges associated with the different pharmacological approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the utility of cannabinoids as an additive remedy for melanoma by restoring the balance between downregulated immunomodulatory pathways and elevated inflammatory cytokines during chronic skin conditions as one of the suggested critical approaches in treating this immunogenic tumor. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellen Schanknecht
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Terrence Jerald Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Seker-Cin H, Tay TKY, Kazdal D, Kluck K, Ball M, Neumann O, Winter H, Herth F, Heußel CP, Savai R, Schirmacher P, Thomas M, Budczies J, Allgäuer M, Christopoulos P, Stenzinger A, Volckmar AL. Analysis of rare fusions in NSCLC: Genomic architecture and clinical implications. Lung Cancer 2023; 184:107317. [PMID: 37586177 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Molecular diagnosis for targeted therapies has been improved significantly in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in recent years. Here we report on the prevalence of rare fusions in NSCLC and dissect their genomic architecture and potential clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, n = 5554 NSCLC patients underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) for combined detection of oncogenic mutations and fusions either at primary diagnosis (n = 5246) or after therapy resistance (n = 308). Panels of different sizes were employed with closed amplicon-based, or open assays, i.e. anchored multiplex PCR (AMP) and hybrid capture-based, for detection of translocations, including "rare" fusions, defined as those beyond ALK, ROS1, RET and <0.5 % frequency in NSCLC. RESULTS Rare fusions involving EGFR, MET, HER2, BRAF and other potentially actionable oncogenes were detected in 0.5% (n = 26) of therapy-naive and 2% (n = 6) TKI-treated tumors. Detection was increased using open assays and/or larger panels, especially those covering >25 genes, by approximately 1-2% (p = 0.001 for both). Patient characteristics (age, gender, smoking, TP53 co-mutations (56%), or mean tumor mutational burden (TMB) (4.8 mut/Mb)) showed no association with presence of rare fusions. Non-functional alterations, i.e. out-of-frame or lacking kinase domains, comprised one-third of detected rare fusions and were significantly associated with simultaneous presence of classical oncogenic drivers, e.g. EGFR or KRAS mutations (p < 0.001), or use of larger panels (frequency of non-functional among the detected rare fusions 57% for 25+ gene- vs. 12% for smaller panels, p < 0.001). As many rare fusions were identified before availability of targeted therapy, mean survival for therapy-naïve patients was 23.8 months, comparable with wild-type tumors. CONCLUSION Approximately 1-2% of advanced NSCLC harbor rare fusions, which are potentially actionable and may support diagnosis. Routine adoption of broad NGS assays capable to identify exact fusion points and potentially retained protein domains can increase the yield of therapeutically relevant molecular information in advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huriye Seker-Cin
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Kwang Yong Tay
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Klaus Kluck
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ball
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Herth
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Department of Pulmonology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Heußel
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology with Nuclear Medicine, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Personalized Medicine Heidelberg (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Center for Personalized Medicine Heidelberg (ZPM), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Khabaz M, Hassan SL, Megahed M, Haikel Y, Santourlidis S, Hassan M. Tumor Microenvironment as a Therapeutic Target in Melanoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3147. [PMID: 37370757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor growth and therapy has recently attracted more attention in research and drug development. The ability of the microenvironment to trigger tumor maintenance, progression, and resistance is the main cause for treatment failure and tumor relapse. Accumulated evidence indicates that the maintenance and progression of tumor cells is determined by components of the microenvironment, which include stromal cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells), extracellular matrix (ECM), and soluble molecules (chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles). As a solid tumor, melanoma is not only a tumor mass of monolithic tumor cells, but it also contains supporting stroma, ECM, and soluble molecules. Melanoma cells are continuously in interaction with the components of the microenvironment. In the present review, we focus on the role of the tumor microenvironment components in the modulation of tumor progression and treatment resistance as well as the impact of the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marla Khabaz
- Department of Production, Beta Factory for Veterinary Pharmaceutical Industries, Damascus 0100, Syria
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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5
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Wang D, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li M, Wu Q, Li X, Zhao L, Yuan Q, Yu Y, Lu J, Zhao J, Dong Z, Liu K, Jiang Y. Daurisoline suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting MEK1/2 kinase. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:517-531. [PMID: 36645220 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for 90% of esophageal cancers and has a high mortality rate worldwide. The 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients in developing countries is <20%. Hence, there is an urgent need for developing new and effective treatments that are based on newly-discovered emerging molecules and pathways to prevent ESCC occurrence and recurrence. We investigated the effects of Daurisoline, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the rhizome of menisperum dauricum, on ESCC cell proliferation and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying its functions. To explore the effects of Daurisoline on ESCC growth in vitro and in vivo, cell proliferation assays and anchorage-independent growth assays were performed and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was established. Subsequently, phosphoproteomics, molecular docking analysis, pull down assays, mutation experiments and in vitro kinase assay were performed to explore the mechanism of Daurisoline's function on ESCC. Daurisoline inhibited ESCC proliferation in vitro and reduced ESCC PDX exnograft growth in vivo by reducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, it directly bound to MEK1 (at Asn78 and Lys97) and MEK2 (at Asp194 and Asp212) kinases to inactivate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that Daurisoline is a dual inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 and suppresses ESCC growth both in vitro and in vivo by inactivating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This is first report on the use of MEK inhibitor for ESCC and highlights its potential applications for ESCC treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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6
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Cui H, Wang Q, Miller DD, Li W. The Tubulin Inhibitor VERU-111 in Combination With Vemurafenib Provides an Effective Treatment of Vemurafenib-Resistant A375 Melanoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:637098. [PMID: 33841154 PMCID: PMC8027488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.637098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancers having a five-year survival rate around 15–20%. An overactivated MAPK/AKT pathway is well-established in BRAF mutant melanoma. Vemurafenib (Vem) was the first FDA-approved BRAF inhibitor and gained great clinical success in treating late-stage melanoma. However, most patients develop acquired resistance to Vem within 6–9 months. Therefore, developing a new treatment strategy to overcome Vem-resistance is highly significant. Our previous study reported that the combination of a tubulin inhibitor ABI-274 with Vem showed a significant synergistic effect to sensitize Vem-resistant melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we unveiled that VERU-111, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of α and β tubulin that is under clinical development, is highly potent against Vem-resistant melanoma cells. The combination of Vem and VERU-111 resulted in a dramatically enhanced inhibitory effect on cancer cells in vitro and Vem-resistant melanoma tumor growth in vivo compared with single-agent treatment. Further molecular signaling analyses demonstrated that in addition to ERK/AKT pathway, Skp2 E3 ligase also plays a critical role in Vem-resistant mechanisms. Knockout of Skp2 diminished oncogene AKT expression and contributed to the synergistic inhibitory effect of Vem and VERU-111. Our results indicate a treatment combination of VERU-111 and Vem holds a great promise to overcome Vem-resistance for melanoma patients harboring BRAF (V600E) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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7
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Twaroski K, Chen W, Pickett-Leonard M, Tolar J. Role of transforming growth factor-β1 in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:664-675. [PMID: 33595864 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops in more than 80% of individuals with the skin blistering disorder recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). In contrast with UV-induced SCC, RDEB-SCC results from skin damage and has a high proliferative and metastatic rate with 5-year survival near zero. Our objective is to determine the mechanisms underlying the increased metastatic tendencies of RDEB-SCC. RDEB-SCC cultured cell lines were treated with RDEB and non-RDEB fibroblast conditioned media and assayed for migration and invasion with and without small molecule inhibitors for TGFβ and other downstream signal transduction pathways. TGFβ1 secreted by RDEB dermal fibroblasts has been found to induce migration and invasion and to increase expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in an RDEB-SCC line. These effects were reversed upon inhibition of TGFβ signalling and its downstream pathways MEK/ERK, P38 kinase and SMAD3. A number of small molecule inhibitors for these pathways are in different phases of various clinical trials and may be applicable to RDEB-SCC patients. Studying the mechanisms of the extreme form RDEB-SCC may inform studies of other types of SCC, as well as lead to better therapies for RDEB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Twaroski
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weili Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Pickett-Leonard
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Lin L, Ding D, Xiao X, Li B, Cao P, Li S. Trametinib potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis via FBW7-dependent Mcl-1 degradation in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6822-6832. [PMID: 32352219 PMCID: PMC7299726 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametinib is a MEK1/2 inhibitor and exerts anticancer activity against a variety of cancers. However, the effect of Trametinib on colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well understood. In the current study, our results demonstrate the ability of sub-toxic doses of Trametinib to enhance TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in CRC cells. Our findings also indicate that Trametinib and TRAIL activate caspase-dependent apoptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, Mcl-1 overexpression can reduce apoptosis in CRC cells treated with Trametinib with or without TRAIL. We further demonstrate that Trametinib degrades Mcl-1 through the proteasome pathway. In addition, GSK-3β phosphorylates Mcl-1 at S159 and promotes Mcl-1 degradation. The E3 ligase FBW7, known to polyubiquitinate Mcl-1, is involved in Trametinib-induced Mcl-1 degradation. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that Trametinib enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through FBW7-dependent Mcl-1 ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dapeng Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoguang Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Penglong Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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9
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Moyano-Galceran L, Pietilä EA, Turunen SP, Corvigno S, Hjerpe E, Bulanova D, Joneborg U, Alkasalias T, Miki Y, Yashiro M, Chernenko A, Jukonen J, Singh M, Dahlstrand H, Carlson JW, Lehti K. Adaptive RSK-EphA2-GPRC5A signaling switch triggers chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11177. [PMID: 32115889 PMCID: PMC7136956 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancers commonly activate adaptive chemotherapy resistance, attributed to both microenvironment‐dependent phenotypic plasticity and genetic characteristics of cancer cells. However, the contribution of chemotherapy itself to the non‐genetic resistance mechanisms was long neglected. Using high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) patient material and cell lines, we describe here an unexpectedly robust cisplatin and carboplatin chemotherapy‐induced ERK1/2‐RSK1/2‐EphA2‐GPRC5A signaling switch associated with cancer cell intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. Mechanistically, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of RSK1/2 prevented oncogenic EphA2‐S897 phosphorylation and EphA2‐GPRC5A co‐regulation, thereby facilitating a signaling shift to the canonical tumor‐suppressive tyrosine phosphorylation and consequent downregulation of EphA2. In combination with platinum, RSK inhibitors effectively sensitized even the most platinum‐resistant EphA2high, GPRC5Ahigh cells to the therapy‐induced apoptosis. In HGSC patient tumors, this orphan receptor GPRC5A was expressed exclusively in cancer cells and associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor survival. Our results reveal a kinase signaling pathway uniquely activated by platinum to elicit adaptive resistance. They further identify GPRC5A as a marker for abysmal HGSC outcome and putative vulnerability of the chemo‐resistant cells to RSK1/2‐EphA2‐pS897 pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Moyano-Galceran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina A Pietilä
- Research Programs Unit, Individualized Drug Therapy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Pauliina Turunen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Corvigno
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Hjerpe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Visby Hospital, Visby, Sweden
| | - Daria Bulanova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika Joneborg
- Division of Pelvic Cancer, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Twana Alkasalias
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Centre, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anastasiya Chernenko
- Research Programs Unit, Individualized Drug Therapy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joonas Jukonen
- Research Programs Unit, Individualized Drug Therapy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Madhurendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Dahlstrand
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph W Carlson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research Programs Unit, Individualized Drug Therapy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Targeting MAPK Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031102. [PMID: 32046099 PMCID: PMC7037308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we focus on the role of MAPK pathways in modulating drug sensitivity and resistance in cancer. We briefly discuss new findings in the extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, but mainly focus on the mechanisms how stress activated MAPK pathways, such as p38 MAPK and the Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), impact the response of cancer cells to chemotherapies and targeted therapies. In this context, we also discuss the role of metabolic and epigenetic aberrations and new therapeutic opportunities arising from these changes.
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11
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Zhu C, Zhu Y, Pan H, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Current Progresses of Functional Nanomaterials for Imaging Diagnosis and Treatment of Melanoma. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2494-2506. [PMID: 31642783 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191023130524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant skin tumor that results in poor disease prognosis due to unsuccessful
treatment options. During the early stages of tumor progression, surgery is the primary approach
that assures a good outcome. However, in the presence of metastasis, melanoma hasbecome almost
immedicable, since the tumors can not be removed and the disease recurs easily in a short period of
time. However, in recent years, the combination of nanomedicine and chemotherapeutic drugs has offered
promising solutions to the treatment of late-stage melanoma. Extensive studies have demonstrated
that nanomaterials and their advanced applications can improve the efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic
drugs in order to overcome the disadvantages, such as drug resistance, low drug delivery rate and
reduced targeting to the tumor tissue. In the present review, we summarized the latest progress in imaging
diagnosis and treatment of melanoma using functional nanomaterials, including polymers,
liposomes, metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon-based nanoparticles. These
nanoparticles are reported widely in melanoma chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic
therapy, and hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- Cellular Biomedicine Group Inc., Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huijun Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
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12
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Poduje S, Brozić JM, Prkačin I, Delaš Aždajić M, Goren A. Vemurafenib and cobimetinib‐induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Dermatol Ther 2019; 33:e13174. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Poduje
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologySestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jasmina M. Brozić
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear MedicineSestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivana Prkačin
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologySestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center Zagreb Croatia
| | - Marija Delaš Aždajić
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologySestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center Zagreb Croatia
| | - Andy Goren
- Department of DermatologyApplied Biology, Inc. Irvine California
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13
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu K, Mao K, Han W, Xu F, Wan W, Sun Y. AMPH-1 As A Critical Tumor Suppressor That Inhibits Osteosarcoma Progression. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:9913-9919. [PMID: 31819629 PMCID: PMC6883929 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s220544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amphiphysin 1 (AMPH-1) is involved in endocytosis, and its expression is upregulated in osteosarcoma compared with osteofibrous dysplasia. Methods We investigated the role of AMPH-1 in osteosarcoma cells via both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Results Knockdown of AMPH-1 in osteosarcoma cells promoted cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and attenuated apoptosis. Notably, silencing AMPH-1 increased osteosarcoma progression in a mouse tumor model. The results obtained upon AMPH-1 knockdown and AMPH-1 overexpression indicates that AMPH-1 is involved in regulating MEK/ERK signaling. Conclusion These data suggest that AMPH-1 plays an important role in osteosarcoma and may represent a novel therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, People's Republic of China
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14
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Yu Q, Xie J, Li J, Lu Y, Liao L. Clinical outcomes of BRAF plus MEK inhibition in melanoma: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5414-5424. [PMID: 31393083 PMCID: PMC6745835 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a potentially fatal malignancy with poor prognosis. Several recent studies have demonstrated that combination therapy of BRAF and MEK inhibition achieved better curative effect and appeared less toxic effects. We conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety between BRAF inhibition plus MEK inhibition combination therapy and BRAF inhibition monotherapy in melanoma patients. Methods We performed the search in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from January 2010 to January 2019. Inclusion and exclusion of studies, assessment of quality, outcome measures, data extraction, and synthesis were independently accomplished by two reviewers. Revman 5.3 software was used for the meta‐analysis. Results Totally, seven randomized controlled trials involving 3146 patients met our inclusion criteria. Comparing the results of combination therapy and monotherapy, combination therapy significantly improved OS (RR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08, 1.19; P < 0.00001), ORR (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28, 1.45; P < 0.00001), PFS (RR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52, 0.63; P < 0.00001) and reduced deaths (RR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.69, 0.88; P < 0.0001). Skin‐related adverse events such as hyperkeratosis, cutaneous squamous‐cell carcinoma were less compared with monotherapy. However, gastrointestinal events like nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting were at a higher frequency. Conclusion Doublet BRAF and MEK inhibition achieved better survival outcomes over single‐agent BRAF inhibition and occurred less skin‐related events, but gastrointestinal events were more in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yu
- Guangxi Medical University, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jiayi Xie
- Guangxi Medical University, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jiangmiao Li
- Guangxi Medical University, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yunxin Lu
- Guangxi Medical University, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Liao
- Guangxi Medical University, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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15
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Baldari S, Di Rocco G, Heffern MC, Su TA, Chang CJ, Toietta G. Effects of Copper Chelation on BRAF V600E Positive Colon Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050659. [PMID: 31083627 PMCID: PMC6562624 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High affinity copper binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1, also known as MEK1) allosterically promotes the kinase activity of MEK1/2 on extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Consequently, copper-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase pathway has a role in promoting tumor growth. Conversely, copper chelation may represent a possible therapeutic approach for a specific subset of tumors characterized by activating mutations in the serine/threonine protein kinase V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 (BRAF), such as the V600E, occurring within the kinase domain (BRAFV600E). Tetrathiomolybdate (TM) is a specific copper chelating agent currently used for the treatment of Wilson’s disease and in preclinical studies for the management of metastatic cancers owing to its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effects of copper depletion achieved by pharmacological treatment with TM in human colorectal cells bearing the BRAFV600E mutation in comparison with BRAF wild type cells. We provide evidence that selective copper chelation differentially affects proliferation, survival and migration of colon cancer cells bearing the BRAFV600E mutation compared to BRAFwt acting via differential phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2. Moreover, tetrathiomolybdate treatment was also effective in reducing the clonogenic potential of colon cancer BRAFV600E cells resistant to BRAF pharmacological inhibition. In conclusion, these results support further assessment of copper chelation therapy as an adjuvant therapy for inhibiting the progression of colon cancers containing the BRAFV600E mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Timothy A Su
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Hammons JC, Trzoss L, Jimenez PC, Hirata AS, Costa-Lotufo LV, La Clair JJ, Fenical W. Advance of Seriniquinone Analogues as Melanoma Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:186-190. [PMID: 30783501 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seriniquinone, a marine natural product, displayed potent cytotoxicity and selectivity against melanoma cancer cells. This selectivity, combined with a novel mode of action (MOA), prompted studies to translate a pharmacologically relevant lead. Herein, we report on structure-activity relationships (SARs), and provide a strategy to prepare analogues that retain activity and offer an improved water solubility and isomeric purity. From intermediates made on a gram-scale, derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their antiproliferation activity and melanoma selectivity. Overall these studies provide methods to install side chain motifs that demonstrate a common, and yet unique, biological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Hammons
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, United States
| | - Lynnie Trzoss
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, United States
| | - Paula C. Jimenez
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo 11070-100, Brazil
| | - Amanda S. Hirata
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - James J. La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, United States
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17
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Liang YJ, Yang WX. Kinesins in MAPK cascade: How kinesin motors are involved in the MAPK pathway? Gene 2019; 684:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Panicker RC, Chattopadhaya S, Coyne AG, Srinivasan R. Allosteric Small-Molecule Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1163:253-278. [PMID: 31707707 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of protein kinase activity has been linked to many diseases ranging from cancer to AIDS and neurodegenerative diseases. Not surprisingly, drugging the human kinome - the complete set of kinases encoded by the human genome - has been one of the major drug discovery pipelines. Majority of the approved clinical kinase inhibitors target the ATP binding site of kinases. However, the remarkable sequence and structural similarity of ATP binding pockets of kinases make selective inhibition of kinases a daunting task. To circumvent these issues, allosteric inhibitors that target sites other than the orthosteric ATP binding pocket have been developed. The structural diversity of the allosteric sites allows these inhibitors to have higher selectivity, lower toxicity and improved physiochemical properties and overcome drug resistance associated with the use of conventional kinase inhibitors. In this chapter, we will focus on the allosteric inhibitors of selected serine/threonine kinases, outline the benefits of using these inhibitors and discuss the challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi C Panicker
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Anthony G Coyne
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rajavel Srinivasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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