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Hernandez M, Cullell N, Cendros M, Serra-Llovich A, Arranz MJ. Clinical Utility and Implementation of Pharmacogenomics for the Personalisation of Antipsychotic Treatments. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:244. [PMID: 38399298 PMCID: PMC10893329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Decades of pharmacogenetic research have revealed genetic biomarkers of clinical response to antipsychotics. Genetic variants in antipsychotic targets, dopamine and serotonin receptors in particular, and in metabolic enzymes have been associated with the efficacy and toxicity of antipsychotic treatments. However, genetic prediction of antipsychotic response based on these biomarkers is far from accurate. Despite the clinical validity of these findings, the clinical utility remains unclear. Nevertheless, genetic information on CYP metabolic enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of most commercially available antipsychotics has proven to be effective for the personalisation of clinical dosing, resulting in a reduction of induced side effects and in an increase in efficacy. However, pharmacogenetic information is rarely used in psychiatric settings as a prescription aid. Lack of studies on cost-effectiveness, absence of clinical guidelines based on pharmacogenetic biomarkers for several commonly used antipsychotics, the cost of genetic testing and the delay in results delivery hamper the implementation of pharmacogenetic interventions in clinical settings. This narrative review will comment on the existing pharmacogenetic information, the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic findings, and their current and future implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hernandez
- PHAGEX Research Group, University Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain;
- School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (N.C.); (A.S.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Marc Cendros
- EUGENOMIC Genómica y Farmacogenética, 08029 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Maria J. Arranz
- PHAGEX Research Group, University Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain;
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (N.C.); (A.S.-L.)
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Hawker P, Bellamy J, McHugh C, Wong TY, Williams K, Wood A, Anderson V, Tonge BJ, Ward P, Sciberras E, Bellgrove MA, Silk T, Lin PI, Eapen V. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for improving the physical health of children and adolescents taking antipsychotic medications: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073893. [PMID: 37890972 PMCID: PMC10619077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children and adolescents are increasingly prescribed antipsychotic medications off-label in the treatment of behavioural disorders. While antipsychotic medications are effective in managing behavioural issues, they carry a significant risk of adverse events that compromise ongoing physical health. Of particular concern is the negative impact antipsychotic medications have on cardiometabolic health. Interventions that aim to modify lifestyle habits have the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication by enhancing weight management, increasing physical activity, promoting better nutritional practices, improving dietary habits and promoting healthier sleep patterns and sleep hygiene. However, a comprehensive review has not been performed to ascertain the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for children and adolescents who are at increased risk of antipsychotic-induced compromises to their physical health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This systematic review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Four databases will be searched without any year constraints to identify randomised controlled trials that are published in the English language and report a lifestyle intervention compared with usual care with any physical health outcome measure. Trial registers and results repositories will be scoured to identify additional studies. Two reviewers will independently conduct screening, data extraction and quality assessment and compare the results. Quantitative data will be synthesised, where appropriate, through a random-effects meta-analysis model. Otherwise, data will be reported in a qualitative (narrative) synthesis. Heterogeneity will be quantified using the I2 statistic. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool will be used for risk of bias assessment. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system will be used to evaluate the cumulative body of evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required. The publication plan will target high-impact, peer-reviewed journals that fall under the scope of Psychiatry and Mental Health. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022380277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hawker
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica Bellamy
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine McHugh
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsz Ying Wong
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Wood
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Philip Ward
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Tim Silk
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ping-I Lin
- UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ICAMHS, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Arranz MJ, Salazar J, Bote V, Artigas-Baleri A, Serra-LLovich A, Triviño E, Roige J, Lombardia C, Cancino M, Hernandez M, Cendros M, Duran-Tauleria E, Maraver N, Hervas A. Pharmacogenetic Interventions Improve the Clinical Outcome of Treatment-Resistant Autistic Spectrum Disorder Sufferers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:999. [PMID: 35631585 PMCID: PMC9143818 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are severe neurodevelopmental alterations characterised by deficits in social communication and repetitive and restricted behaviours. About a third of patients receive pharmacological treatment for comorbid symptoms. However, 30-50% do not respond adequately and/or present severe and long-lasting side effects. METHODS Genetic variants in CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and SLC6A4 were investigated in N = 42 ASD sufferers resistant to pharmacological treatment. Clinical recommendations based on their pharmacogenetic profiles were provided within 24-48 h of receiving a biological sample. RESULTS A total of 39 participants (93%) improved after the pharmacogenetic intervention according to their CGI scores (difference in basal-final scores: 2.26, SD 1.55) and 37 participants (88%) according to their CGAS scores (average improvement of 20.29, SD 11.85). Twenty-three of them (55%) achieved symptom stability (CGI ≤ 3 and CGAS improvement ≥ 20 points), requiring less frequent visits to their clinicians and hospital stays. Furthermore, the clinical improvement was higher than that observed in a control group (N = 62) with no pharmacogenetic interventions, in which 66% responded to treatment (difference in CGI scores: -0.87, SD 9.4, p = 1 × 10-5; difference in CGAS scores: 6.59, SD 7.76, p = 5 × 10-8). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of pharmacogenetic interventions has the potential to significantly improve the clinical outcomes in severe comorbid ASD populations with drug treatment resistance and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Arranz
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Salazar
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Valentin Bote
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
| | | | - Alexandre Serra-LLovich
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Emma Triviño
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Jordi Roige
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Carlos Lombardia
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Martha Cancino
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, 08024 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Cendros
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- EUGENOMIC Genómica y Farmacogenética, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Duran-Tauleria
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
| | - Natalia Maraver
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
| | - Amaia Hervas
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
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