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Srinivasula S, Degrange P, Perazzolo S, Bonvillain A, Tobery A, Kaplan J, Jang H, Turnier R, Davies M, Cottrell M, Ho RJY, Di Mascio M. Viral dissemination and immune activation modulate antiretroviral drug levels in lymph nodes of SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213455. [PMID: 37790938 PMCID: PMC10544331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and methods To understand the relationship between immunovirological factors and antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels in lymph nodes (LN) in HIV therapy, we analyzed drug levels in twenty-one SIV-infected rhesus macaques subcutaneously treated with daily tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) for three months. Results The intracellular active drug-metabolite (IADM) levels (TFV-dp and FTC-tp) in lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) were significantly lower than in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (P≤0.005). Between Month 1 and Month 3, IADM levels increased in both LNMC (P≤0.001) and PBMC (P≤0.01), with a steeper increase in LNMC (P≤0.01). The viral dissemination in plasma, LN, and rectal tissue at ART initiation correlated negatively with IADM levels at Month 1. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model simulations suggest that, following subcutaneous ARV administration, ART-induced reduction of immune activation improves the formation of active drug-metabolites through modulation of kinase activity and/or through improved parent drug accessibility to LN cellular compartments. Conclusion These observations have broad implications for drugs that need to phosphorylate to exert their pharmacological activity, especially in the settings of the pre-/post-exposure prophylaxis and efficacy of antiviral therapies targeting pathogenic viruses such as HIV or SARS-CoV-2 replicating in highly inflammatory anatomic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharat Srinivasula
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Paula Degrange
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Charles River Laboratories, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Simone Perazzolo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Bonvillain
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Charles River Laboratories, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Tobery
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Charles River Laboratories, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jacob Kaplan
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Poolesville, MD, United States
| | - Hyukjin Jang
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Refika Turnier
- Clinical Support Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Michael Davies
- Clinical Support Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mackenzie Cottrell
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rodney J. Y. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Poolesville, MD, United States
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Lim YY, Zaidi AMA, Miskon A. Composing On-Program Triggers and On-Demand Stimuli into Biosensor Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery Systems for Programmable Arthritis Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1330. [PMID: 36355502 PMCID: PMC9698912 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication in arthritis therapies is complex because the inflammatory progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) is intertwined and influenced by one another. To address this problem, drug delivery systems (DDS) are composed of four independent exogenous triggers and four dependent endogenous stimuli that are controlled on program and induced on demand, respectively. However, the relationships between the mechanisms of endogenous stimuli and exogenous triggers with pathological alterations remain unclear, which results in a major obstacle in terms of clinical translation. Thus, the rationale for designing a guidance system for these mechanisms via their key irritant biosensors is in high demand. Many approaches have been applied, although successful clinical translations are still rare. Through this review, the status quo in historical development is highlighted in order to discuss the unsolved clinical difficulties such as infiltration, efficacy, drug clearance, and target localisation. Herein, we summarise and discuss the rational compositions of exogenous triggers and endogenous stimuli for programmable therapy. This advanced active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) implanted dose allows for several releases by remote controls for endogenous stimuli during lesion infections. This solves the multiple implantation and local toxic accumulation problems by using these flexible desired releases at the specified sites for arthritis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yik Lim
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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