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Horton C, Pearce R, Veale J, Oakes-Monger TC, Pang KC, Pullen Sansfaçon A, Quinney S. Child rights in trans healthcare - a call to action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2024; 25:313-320. [PMID: 39055631 PMCID: PMC11268223 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2024.2360359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
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Beach LB, Hackenberger P, Ascha M, Luehmann N, Felt D, Termanini K, Benning C, Sama D, Barnard C, Jordan SW. Building a Cohort of Transgender and Nonbinary Patients from the Electronic Medical Record. LGBT Health 2024; 11:310-316. [PMID: 38153365 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sexual orientation, gender identity, and sex recorded at birth (SOGI) have been routinely excluded from demographic data collection tools, including in electronic medical record (EMR) systems. We assessed the ability of adding structured SOGI data capture to improve identification of transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) patients compared to using only International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and text mining and comment on the ethics of these cohort formation methods. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review to classify patient gender at a single institution using ICD-10 codes, structured SOGI data, and text mining for patients presenting for care between March 2019 and February 2021. We report each method's overall and segmental positive predictive value (PPV). Results: We queried 1,530,154 EMRs from our institution. Overall, 154,712 contained relevant ICD-10 diagnosis codes, SOGI data fields, or text mining terms; 2964 were manually reviewed. This multipronged approach identified a final 1685 TGNB patient cohort. The initial PPV was 56.8%, with ICD-10 codes, SOGI data, and text mining having PPV of 99.2%, 47.9%, and 62.2%, respectively. Conclusion: This is one of the first studies to use a combination of structured data capture with keyword terms and ICD codes to identify TGNB patients. Our approach revealed that although structured SOGI documentation was <10% in our health system, 1343/1685 (79.7%) of TGNB patients were identified using this method. We recommend that health systems promote patient EMR documentation of SOGI to improve health and wellness among TGNB populations, while centering patient privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Beach
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paige Hackenberger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mona Ascha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Luehmann
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dylan Felt
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kareem Termanini
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher Benning
- Northwestern Memorial HealthCare, Information Services, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Danny Sama
- Northwestern Memorial HealthCare, Information Services, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia Barnard
- Department of Quality, Northwestern Memorial HealthCare, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sumanas W Jordan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Lucas R, Kahn N, Bocek K, Tordoff DM, Karrington B, Richardson LP, Sequeira GM. Telemedicine Utilization Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adolescents Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic. Telemed J E Health 2023; 29:1304-1311. [PMID: 36791325 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2022.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Little is known about how expansion of telemedicine services during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected access to gender-affirming care for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth. The purpose of this study was to explore differences in demographic characteristics and visit completion rates at a multidisciplinary gender clinic before and after telemedicine implementation in March 2020 and among telemedicine users and nonusers. Methods: Data were from electronic health records of Seattle Children's Gender Clinic (SCGC) patients seen between April 2019 and February 2021. We assessed differences in demographic characteristics and care utilization (i.e., encounter type and status) between April 2019 and February 2020 (pre-telemedicine) and April 2020 and February 2021 (post-telemedicine). Results: Of the 1,051 unique patients seen at SCGC during this time period, majority groups were as follows: 62% identified as transmasculine/male, 68% were non-Hispanic White, and 76% resided within 50 miles of the clinic. Statistically significant differences were observed in patient pronouns and insurance type when comparing the pre- and post-telemedicine periods (p < 0.01). Half (52%) of post-telemedicine period encounters were conducted through telemedicine, and telemedicine encounters were significantly more likely to be completed (72% vs. 50%) and less likely to be canceled (21% vs. 46%) compared with in-person encounters. Conclusions: Telemedicine services facilitated continued access to gender-affirming care services for TGD youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the introduction of telemedicine did not exacerbate demographic disparities in access to this care, further research and interventions are warranted to address the ongoing disparities in access to gender-affirming care for youth of color and rural youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Lucas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Bocek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana M Tordoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Baer Karrington
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura P Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gina M Sequeira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Perlson JE, Walters OC, Keuroghlian AS. Envisioning a future for transgender and gender-diverse people beyond the DSM. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:471-472. [PMID: 32583756 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This editorial describes current considerations regarding psychiatric diagnoses for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people. In addition to offering an assessment of the limitations in current diagnostic standards, the authors articulate a vision for psychiatric practice marked by renewed commitment to an affirmative framework that reduces stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Perlson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Oakland C Walters
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alex S Keuroghlian
- Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ker A, Fraser G, Fleming T, Stephenson C, da Silva Freitas A, Carroll R, Hamilton TK, Lyons AC. 'A little bubble of utopia': constructions of a primary care-based pilot clinic providing gender affirming hormone therapy. HEALTH SOCIOLOGY REVIEW : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEALTH SECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2021; 30:25-40. [PMID: 33622204 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2020.1855999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The provision of gender affirming hormone therapy for transgender and non-binary people is a rapidly developing area of gender affirming healthcare. While research indicates the benefits of providing gender affirming hormone therapy through interdisciplinary primary care-based models, less is known about how service users and providers construct their understandings of affirmative approaches. In this paper, we present findings from a discourse analysis of four service users' and four healthcare professionals' talk about a primary care-based pilot clinic providing gender affirming hormone therapy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Participants employed notions of pathologisation, time, and agency in their talk to construct the clinic as a personal setting which gave service users time to make their own health decisions, while constructing hospitals as impersonal with lengthy wait times. The assessment-driven nature of best practice guidelines that governed clinicians' decision-making was constructed as constraining users' agency. Findings highlight the ongoing importance of aligning gender affirming hormone therapy with other non-disease types of healthcare, and suggest new ways for achieving this through affirmative approaches to healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ker
- School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Gloria Fraser
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Theresa Fleming
- School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Cathy Stephenson
- Mauri Ora Student Health and Counselling Services, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Anny da Silva Freitas
- Mauri Ora Student Health and Counselling Services, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Richard Carroll
- Centre for Endocrine, Diabetes, and Obesity Research, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington
| | | | - Antonia C Lyons
- School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
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Transphobic Violence in Educational Centers: Risk Factors and Consequences in the Victims’ Wellbeing and Health. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13041638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
School violence and bullying re worrying problems due to their growing prevalence and severe consequences for adolescent and youth health and wellbeing. Sociocultural factors can contribute to, complicate, and increase the cases of violence in classrooms and spaces related to educational centers. Transphobic violence in this article is defined as the type of violence suffered by transgender and nonbinary adolescents and youth as a manifestation of the problem of discrimination and hate against gender and sexual diversity. This work intends to study the complex sociocultural dynamics of violence detected in educational contexts affecting transgender and nonbinary adolescents and youth identified by recent high- impact studies. At the same time, we aim to fill the gap in the scientific literature on transphobic violence and articulate successful strategies to prevent and combat it. In this review, transphobic violence is defined as the violence affecting transgender adolescents and youth, continuous in time, influenced by peers, and taking place in spaces or realities related to educational centers. The reviewed studies point at the complexity of this kind of violence due to the combination of socio-personal factors and its variety in manifestations. Furthermore, we study the consequences of transphobic violence for the wellbeing and health of transgender and nonbinary adolescents and youth to deepen the knowledge of their mental health repercussions. We end by providing suggestions for how this problem can be prevented in educational environments, grounded on scientific evidence in the materialization of a transformative approach.
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Suess Schwend A. [The trans depathologization perspective: a contribution to public health approaches and clinical practices in mental health? SESPAS Report 2020]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 34 Suppl 1:54-60. [PMID: 32919815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the academic-activist trans depathologization perspective has contributed to a change in the conceptualization of gender transition processes. Observing an interrelation between psychiatrization and transphobic violence, trans depathologization activist groups and allies demand the removal of the diagnostic classification of transexuality as a mental disorder. Furthermore, they have developed trans health care models and legal gender recognition processes based on depathologization and human rights perspectives. They propose changing the role of mental health professionals in trans health care, substituting the psychiatric assessment role by accompaniment and psychological support tasks. The trans depathologization perspective can be related to various approaches and topics relevant in public health and mental health, among them sociology of diagnosis, human rights based approaches to health, human rights protection in mental health, universal health coverage, review of diagnostic classifications, intersectionality perspectives, reflections on bioethical principles, models of integrated people-centered health services and approaches to research ethics. Over the last few years, informed decision-making models have been developed for trans health care in several countries and world regions. Health professionals, including mental health professionals, as well as professionals from the educational and judicial-administrative sector, can have an important role in addressing situations of discrimination and transphobic violence, contributing to the construction of a society that respects, recognizes and celebrates gender diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amets Suess Schwend
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España; Grupo de Investigación Otras. Perspectivas Feministas en Investigación Social (SEJ-430), Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
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Suess Schwend A. Trans health care from a depathologization and human rights perspective. Public Health Rev 2020; 41:3. [PMID: 32099728 PMCID: PMC7031999 DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans people are exposed to multiple human right violations in clinical practice and research. From 1975 on, gender transition processes have been classified as a mental disorder in diagnostic classification manuals, a classification that was removed recently from ICD, International Classification of Diseases, and continues in DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Trans people in different world regions are forced to accept psychiatric diagnoses and assessment in order to get access to trans health care, subject to reparative therapies and exposed to transphobic institutional and social discrimination and violence. In many countries, gender identity laws include medical requirements, such as psychiatric diagnosis, hormone treatment, genital surgery, or sterilization. In the scientific literature, a frequent pathologization of trans experiences can be identified, by means of pathologizing conceptualizations, terminologies, visual representations, and practices, as well as ethnocentric biases. Trans activism and scholarship have questioned widely the pathologization of trans people in clinical practice and research. Over the last decade, an international trans depathologization movement emerged, demanding, among other claims, the removal of the diagnostic classification of transexuality as a mental disorder, as well as changes in the health care and legal context. International and regional bodies built up a human rights framework related to sexual, gender and bodily diversity that constitute a relevant reference point for trans depathologization activism. The Yogyakarta Principles, published in 2007 and extended in 2017 by means of the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10, establish an application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation, gender expression, gender identity, and sex characteristics. International and regional human rights bodies included demands related to depathologization in their agenda. More recently, advancements towards trans depathologization can be observed in the diagnostic classifications, as well as in the health care and legal context. At the same time, trans people continue being exposed to pathologization and transphobic violence. The Human Rights in Patient Care (HRPC) framework offers a human right-based approach on health care practices. The paper aims at analyzing the shared human rights focus and potential alliances between the trans depathologization perspective and the HRPC framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amets Suess Schwend
- Research Group “Others. Feminist Perspectives in Social Research” (SEJ-430), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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ICD-11 and gender incongruence of childhood: a rethink is needed. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 3:671-673. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Agana MG, Greydanus DE, Indyk JA, Calles JL, Kushner J, Leibowitz S, Chelvakumar G, Cabral MD. Caring for the transgender adolescent and young adult: Current concepts of an evolving process in the 21st century. Dis Mon 2019; 65:303-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of “Transgenderism” in the US. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci8060191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates a neglected topic within both transgender studies and religious studies by analyzing ex-gay movement discourses of “transgenderism” from the 1970s to the present, focusing primarily on the US-American context. The oppression of transgender people in the US and globally is fed and fueled by the religious, scientific, and political discourses of the transnational “ex-gay” movement, which provides the ideological and material foundation of Christian Right politics. Using critical discourse analysis of ex-gay texts, we analyze the implications of these discourses in the individual, interactional, and institutional dimensions of society’s gender structure. This movement is one of the most insidious—and overlooked—sources of cisgenderism and transmisogyny today, constructing gender variance as sin, mental illness, and danger—with catastrophic consequences for transgender people, and those along the transfemale/feminine spectrum in particular. Finally, we discuss the public policy implications of these discourses.
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A surgical perspective on the implications of the classification of gender incongruence as a condition related to sexual health by ICD-11. Int J Impot Res 2018; 30:352-354. [PMID: 30368526 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-018-0092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Statement by the Spanish Paediatric Association in relation to gender diversity in childhood and adolescence: Ethical and legal view from a multidisciplinary perspective. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Riaño Galán I, Del Río Pastoriza I, Chueca Guindulain M, Gabaldón Fraile S, de Montalvo Jááskeläinem F. [Statement by the Spanish Paediatric Association in relation to gender diversity in childhood and adolescence: Ethical and legal view from a multidisciplinary perspective]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2018; 89:123.e1-123.e6. [PMID: 29567129 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An ethical and legal view of gender diversity in childhood and adolescence is presented from the perspective of the best interest of the child and the principle of protection against vulnerability. The identification of gender diversity in childhood and adolescence is a process that requires support, coordination and a multidisciplinary team that improves care and helps to obtain evidence that is lacking today. Secure, equitable and comprehensive access to care and health care should be guaranteed when required. It is necessary to promote a changing of social outlook, capable of overcoming the stereotypes that lead to discrimination and increase suffering. Respect for gender diversity in childhood and adolescence is a fundamental Human Right. The recognition of a positive value in diversity is an ethical imperative. All of this, without forgetting that we are talking about minors often in contexts of vulnerability, and currently very uncertain, so prudence is the main rule that should guide decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolina Riaño Galán
- Endocrinología Pediátrica, AGC Pediatría, HUCA, CIBERESP, máster en Bioética, Comité de Bioética de la AEP y Grupo de Trabajo de Ética de la SEEP, Oviedo, Asturias, España.
| | - Inés Del Río Pastoriza
- Pediatra Atención Primaria, CS Pontecaldelas, máster en Bioética, Comité Bioética AEP, Pontecaldelas, Pontevedra, España
| | - María Chueca Guindulain
- Endocrinología Pediátrica, Complejo Hospitalario Navarra, Grupo de trabajo de Ética de la SEEP, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Sabel Gabaldón Fraile
- Psiquiatra infantil, máster en Bioética, Hospital Materno-Infantil de Sant Joan de Déu , Madrid, España
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