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Boccabella L, Palma EG, Abenavoli L, Scarlata GGM, Boni M, Ianiro G, Santori P, Tack JF, Scarpellini E. Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:233. [PMID: 38534668 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a chronic issue of our Westernized society, mainly because of the uncontrolled and improper use of antimicrobials. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered and expanded AMR diffusion all over the world, and its clinical and therapeutic features have changed. Thus, we aimed to review evidence from the literature on the definition and causative agents of AMR in the frame of the COVID-19 post-pandemic era. METHODS We conducted a search on PubMed and Medline for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, and case series using the following keywords, their acronyms, and their associations: antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), COVID-19 pandemic, personal protective equipment. RESULTS AMR had a significant rise in incidence both in in-hospital and outpatient populations (ranging from 5 up to 50%) worldwide, but with a variegated profile according to the germ and microorganism considered. Not only bacteria but also fungi have developed more frequent and diffuse AMR. These findings are explained by the increased use and misuse of antibiotics and preventive measures during the first waves of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, especially in hospitalized patients. Subsequently, the reduction in and end of the lockdown and the use of personal protective equipment have allowed for the indiscriminate circulation of resistant microorganisms from low-income countries to the rest of the world with the emergence of new multi- and polyresistant organisms. However, there is not a clear association between COVID-19 and AMR changes in the post-pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS AMR in some microorganisms has significantly increased and changed its characteristics during and after the end of the pandemic phase of COVID-19. An integrated supranational monitoring approach to this challenge is warranted in the years to come. In detail, a rational, personalized, and regulated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Boccabella
- Internal Medicine Unit, Madonna del Soccorso General Hospital, Via Luciano Manara 7, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Elena Gialluca Palma
- Internal Medicine Clinics, Riuniti University Hospital, Polytechnics University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Mariavirginia Boni
- Vascular Medicine Unit, "C. and G. Mazzoni" General Hospital, 63076 Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Santori
- Internal Medicine Unit, Madonna del Soccorso General Hospital, Via Luciano Manara 7, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Jan F Tack
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Internal Medicine Unit, Madonna del Soccorso General Hospital, Via Luciano Manara 7, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Roussel L, Pham-Huy A, Yu AC, Venkateswaran S, Perez A, Bourdel G, Sun Y, Villavicencio ST, Bernier S, Li Y, Kazimerczak-Brunet M, Alattar R, Déry MA, Shapiro AJ, Penner J, Vinh DC. A Novel Homozygous Mutation Causing Complete TYK2 Deficiency, with Severe Respiratory Viral Infections, EBV-Driven Lymphoma, and Jamestown Canyon Viral Encephalitis. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:2011-2021. [PMID: 37695435 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) deficiency is characterized by susceptibility to mycobacterial and viral infections. Here, we report a 4-year-old female with severe respiratory viral infections, EBV-driven Burkitt-like lymphoma, and infection with the neurotropic Jamestown Canyon virus. A novel, homozygous c.745C > T (p.R249*) variant was found in TYK2. The deleterious effects of the TYK2 lesion were confirmed by immunoblotting; by evaluating functional responses to IFN-α/β, IL-10, and IL-23; and by assessing its scaffolding effect on the cell surface expression of cytokine receptor subunits. The effects of the mutation could not be pharmacologically circumvented in vitro, suggesting that alternative modalities, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy, may be needed. We characterize the first patient from Canada with a novel homozygous mutation in TYK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roussel
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anne Pham-Huy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea C Yu
- Division of Metabolics and Newborn Screening, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sunita Venkateswaran
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Perez
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourdel
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yichun Sun
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephanya Tellez Villavicencio
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bernier
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yongbiao Li
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Makayla Kazimerczak-Brunet
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rolan Alattar
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marc-André Déry
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Adam J Shapiro
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Penner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Qikiqtani General Hospital, Iqaluit, NT, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Block E, Rm EM3-3230 (Mail Drop: EM3-3211), Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Naik B, Ahmed SMQ, Laha S, Das SP. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections and Links to Human Ancestry. Front Genet 2021; 12:709315. [PMID: 34490039 PMCID: PMC8417537 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.709315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the ages, fungi have associated with different parts of the human body and established symbiotic associations with their host. They are mostly commensal unless there are certain not so well-defined factors that trigger the conversion to a pathogenic state. Some of the factors that induce such transition can be dependent on the fungal species, environment, immunological status of the individual, and most importantly host genetics. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of how host genetics play a role in fungal infection since mutations in several genes make hosts susceptible to such infections. We evaluate how mutations modulate the key recognition between the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and the host pattern recognition receptor (PRR) molecules. We discuss the polymorphisms in the genes of the immune system, the way it contributes toward some common fungal infections, and highlight how the immunological status of the host determines fungal recognition and cross-reactivity of some fungal antigens against human proteins that mimic them. We highlight the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with several of the receptor coding genes and discuss how it affects the signaling cascade post-infection, immune evasion, and autoimmune disorders. As part of personalized medicine, we need the application of next-generation techniques as a feasible option to incorporate an individual’s susceptibility toward invasive fungal infections based on predisposing factors. Finally, we discuss the importance of studying genomic ancestry and reveal how genetic differences between the human race are linked to variation in fungal disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumayyah M Q Ahmed
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Suparna Laha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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