Die Wirkung variierender Zeit-Druck-Kombinationen bei der sauren Hydrolyse von Geflügelexkrementen auf die Aminosäurenausbeute nach säulenchromatographischer Trennung

[Dynamics of amino acid and protein metabolism in laying hens after the administration of 15N-labeled wheat protein. 10. 15N-labeling of crude protein and amino acids of the oviducts]

Over a period of 4 days 12 colostomized laying hens daily received 36 g coarse wheat meal containing 14.37 atom-% 15N excess (15N') together with a conventional ration. After the homogenisation of each oviduct N and 15N' were determined. After the precipitation with TCA the 15N' of the amino acids was analysed in both the precipitate and the supernatant. In addition, the free amino acids and the peptides were determined in the TCA soluble fraction. The atom-% 15N' in the total N and in the non-basic amino acid N showed a parallel decrease; it diminished from 1.75 atom-% 15N' to 0.64. Of the three basic amino acids, lysine shows the lowest labelling at all four measuring points. The quotas of non-basic amino acid 14N and 15N' in the total 14N and 15N' of the oviduct are the same and amount to 53%. In contrast to this, the quota of the 14N of the basic amino acids in the total 14N of the oviduct only amounts to 21.6% and that of 15N' only to 15.4%. The average atom-% 15N' of the free amino acids 12 h after the last 15N application is 1.54 and is considerably above that of the peptides with 1.15 atom-% 15N'. 36 h after the last 15N application the ascertained value of 1.25 is identical in both fractions. The labelling of the free amino acids decreases more quickly than that of the peptides the more time has passed after the last 15N application.

[Dynamics of amino acid and protein metabolism in laying hens after the administration of 15N-labeled wheat protein. 11. Incorporation of 15N in the tissues and the amino acids of the muscles]

Over a period of 4 days 12 colostomized laying hens daily received 36 g 15N labelled wheat with 15N excess (15N') of 14.37 atom-% together with a conventional feed mixture for laying hens. The labelling of the lysine N in the wheat was 13.58 atom-%, that of histidine N 14.38 and that of arginine 15N' 13.63 atom-% 15N'. Three hens each were butchered 12, 36, 60 and 108 h after the last 15N' feeding. The first three hens did not receive any feed before being butchered. The following three hens each received the unlabelled feed ration for another 1, 2 or 4 days resp. after the main period until they were butchered. The total of skeleton muscles, the heart and the stomach muscle (without inner skin) of each hen were combined into one sample, cut thinly, drenched with fluid nitrogen and pulverized. N, 15N' and the basic and non-basic amino acids as well as their 15N' were determined in the individual samples. In contrast to the organs, the proteins in the muscle tissue have a long half life so that a slight decrease of atom-% 15N' in the muscles could only be detected after 108 h. The 14N and 15N' quota of the non-basic amino acids in the total nitrogen of the muscles is 50%. The 14N quota of the basic amino acids is 30% and the 15N' quota only 22.5% in the total muscle N. The heavy nitrogen of the free lysine in the TCA soluble N fraction is hardly detectable 36 h and 60 h after the last 15N' supply and not at all after 108 h. In contrast to this, the other two free basic amino acids remain significantly higher labelled in dependence on the last butchering time.

[The effect of different levels of soybean extract meal on the apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and amino acids in colostomized laying hens]

Four colostomized laying hens per group were given a ration of barley and soya bean oil meal (SBM) with 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% SBM resp. The crude protein intakes were 14.0, 17.7 and 21.4 g per animal and day. The lysine intake raised from 681 mg (group 1) to 1275 mg (group 3) per animal and day. The digestibility of dry matter and of the N-free extracts of the ration decreased with the rising SBM portion in the ration. The digestibility of crude protein remained constant. The investigated amino acids (Lys, His, Arg, Cys, Met) were higher digested in the 37.5% SBM ration than in the 12.5% SBM ration. The following digestibility values for SBM were found by means of the difference method: Dry matter 52.5%, crude protein 83.1%, crude fat 51.7%, crude fibre 5.5%, N-free extracts 50.6%. The level of the SBM did not influence the digestibility of the crude nutrients. The apparent digestibility of lysine from SBM depended on the level of intake and was found to be 82.3, 83.4 and 89.0%, resp. There were no differences in the digestibility of other amino acids.

[Dynamics of amino acid and protein metabolism of laying hens after the administration of 15N-labeled wheat protein. 8. 15N-labeling of nitrogen and 15N incorporation into the amino acids of the liver]

Over 4 days 12 colostomized laying hens received, together with the ration, 36 g wheat with 14.37 atom-% 15N excess (15N'), The basic amino acids were nearly equally labelled. Three animals each were butchered after 12 h, 36 h, 60 h, and 108 h after the last 15N' application. Emission spectrometric determination of 15N' in the liver and in the amino acids was carried out. In addition, atom-% 15N' was determined in the free amino acids and the peptides. The labelling in the liver 12 h after the last 15N' application amounted to 1.75 atom-% 15N' and decreased after 108 h to 0.81 atom-% 15N'. The average TCA precipitable 15N' quota in the total 15N' amounted to 81.4% and was nearly identical at all measuring times. The arginine 15N' amount in the liver was twice as high as that of lysine 15N'. In dependence on the period of time after the last 15N' application the decrease in the labelling of the free arginine is considerable in comparison to free lysine. At the first measuring time (12 h) it was 1.69 atom-% 15N' and at the last one (108 h) 0.57 atom-% 15N'. Based on the results of 15N' labelling of the peptides in the liver further, more detailed series of experiments for studies of the peptide metabolism in the liver should be carried out.

[Dynamics of amino acid and protein metabolism of laying hens after the administration of 15N-labeled wheat protein. 4. 15N-incorporation into the amino acids of egg fractions]

12 colostomized laying hybrids with an 81% laying performance received 36 g wheat containing a 15N excess (15N') of 14.37 atom-% in a customary ration over 4 days. The wheat lysine contained 13.58 atom-% 15N', the histidine 14.38 and the arginine 13.63 atom-% 15N'. In the 4-day period of 15N' application 540 mg 15N', 18.1 mg lysine 15N', 21.5 mg histidine 15N' and 47.9 mg arginine 15N' were consumed per hen. Subsequently the animals received the same ration with unlabelled wheat. 12 h, 36 h, 60 h and 108 h after the last 15N' application 3 animals each were butchered. The atom-% 15N' of the lysine was below that of the two other basic and of the non-basic amino acids. The labelling of the amino acids of the white of egg decreased rapidly 2 days after the 15N' application. The atom-% of the 15N' of the yolk of egg, however, increased after the discontinuation and remained the same for 4 days after the last 15N' application. The 14N and 15N' amounts measured in the complete experiment period are distributed over the 3 basic and the 12 non-basic (excluding thioamino acids) amino acids in the white of egg for 14N as 25.0%: 57.6% and for 15N' as 18.2%: 57.5%. In the yolk of egg 28.5% 14N for the basic and 56.8% for the non-basic amino acids could be calculated; the corresponding values for 15N' were 17.8% and 55.5%.

[Utilization of 15N-labeled urea in laying hens. 8. 15N-incorporation in the amino acids of the oviduct]

3 colostomized laying hybrids received orally with a conventional ration 1% urea with 96.06 atom-% 15N excess (15N'). over a period of 6 days. In the period of the experiment every hen consumed 2.87 g 15N'. After another 2 days, on which they received conventional feed urea, the animals were butchered. 15N' was determined in the total N and in 15 amino acids of the oviduct. Of the 15 amino acids the labelling of glutamic acid, glycine and serine was highest and on average amounted to 0.80, 0.66 and 0.67 atom-% 15N'. In lysine and arginine only 0.10 and 0.11 atom-% 15N' could be detected. The amino acid N with natural isotopic frequency amounted to a quarter for the basic amino acids, a tenth for the branched chain ones and for the non-essential ones (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, alanine, proline) a third of the total oviduct 14N, The average quota of 15N' is only 3.6%, that of the branched chain amino acids 4.5 and that of the non-essential ones 21.1%. Consequently, the 15N' of the urea is mainly used for the synthesis of the non-essential amino acids of the oviduct.

[Utilization of 15N-labeled urea in laying hens. 9. Bones, feathers and 15N-incorporation in the rest of the body]

For studying the incorporation of the 15N labelled urea into individual organs and tissues 3 colostomized laying hens were butchered after they had received 1% urea (96.06 atom-% 15N excess) with a high quality ration over a period of six days and after receiving conventional urea for another two days. Nitrogen and atom-% 15N excess (15N') were determined in the bones, the feathers and the remaining body (skin, lungs and windpipe, head with comb and wattle, lower leg without bones and with skin, pancreas and fatty tissue). In the remaining body the atom-% 15N' was determined in 15 amino acids. The labelling in the remaining body and the bones was approximately the same and averaged 0.37 atom-% 15N'. A significantly lower relative frequency could be detected in the feathers. The lysine of the remaining body contained only 0.04 atom-% 15N', tyrosine 0.06, histidine and arginine 0.07. The phenylalanine and proline molecules were labelled with 0.11 atom-% 15N'. Most 15N' was incorporated in serine and glutamic acid with over 0.30 atom-%. In the six non-essential amino acids out of the 15 amino acids studied, 48.6 of the non isotopic nitrogen of the total N of the remaining body and 70.7% of the isotopic nitrogen of total 15N' could be detected. Consequently the urea-N is mainly used for the synthesis of the non-essential amino acids, with its utilization being very low.

[Utilization of 15N-labeled urea in laying hens. 7. 15N-incorporation into the amino acids of different muscle types]

3 colostomized laying hybrids received 1% 15N labelled urea with 96.06 atom-% 15N excess (15N') with a commercial ration over a period of 6 days. After the application of the same ration with unlabelled urea on the following 2 days the animals were butchered. In the muscles of the breast, the leg and the heart, the labelling of total nitrogen and the incorporation of urea 15N' into 15 amino acids of the 3 different kinds of muscles were ascertained. On average, significant differences could be ascertained between the atom-% 15N of the muscles of the skeleton and those of the heart. The 15N' of the breast and leg muscles was 0.25 and 0.34 atom-% resp.; that of the cardial proteins 0.71 atom-% 15N'. The incorporation of urea 15N into the basic amino acids is low and varies both between the kinds of muscles and between the amino acids. On average the highest level of labelling was found among the essential amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine; the average atom-% 15N' for the muscles of the breast is 0.13, of the leg 0.17, and of the heart 0.27; the 15N' quota of branched chain amino acids in the total 15N' of the respective muscle is accordingly 6.0%, 5.0% and 4.5%. The non-essential amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, are more highly labelled in the muscles than the essential ones. A 15N' for glutamic acid of 0.24 atom-% in the breast muscles, of 0.27 atom-% in those of the legs and of 0.64 atom-% in the heart muscle could be detected. The average quota of the 15N' of these acid amino acids in the 15N' for breast, leg and heart muscles is 7.4, 6.2 and 6.7 resp. The quota of the 15N' in the 6 non-essential amino acids in the total 15N' in all 3 kinds of muscles is approximately two thirds and in the 9 essential ones one third of the total 15N'. Although the results show that there is a certain incorporation of 15N' from urea into the amino acids of the muscle proteins, their contribution to meeting the demands is to be considered irrelevant.

[Utilization of N15-labelled urea in the laying hen. 6. Incorporation in the liver and kidneys]

In an experiment 3 colostomized laying hybrids received a normal ration containing 1% 15N labelled urea with 96.06% atom-% 15N excess (15N') over six days. Subsequently the same ration with unlabelled urea was given over 2 days, after which the animals were butchered. In the kidneys the 15N' amounted to 1.1 atom-% and 1.8 atom-% in the liver. The TCA soluble N fraction and the ammonia were more highly labelled than the total N. Lysine, histidine and arginine were lowly labelled in the kidneys. This also applies to the liver with the exception of histidine. In the branch-chained and aromatic amino acids of the liver the 15N' was between 0.2 and 0.3 atom-%. The highest labelling of non-essential amino acids was found in glutamic acid with 0.9 atom-% 15N' and aspartic acid with 1.1 atom-% 15N'. The evaluation of the amino acid in the liver showed that the 6 non-essential amino acids account for two thirds of the total amino acid 15N' whereas the 9 essential ones account for one third of the amino acid 15N' only.

[Evaluation of 15N marked urea in the laying hen. 4. Incorporation of 15N in blood, its fractions and follicles in various developmental stages]

In order to study the utilization of urea in poultry, 3 colostomized laying hybrids were orally supplied with a traditional ration supplemented with 1% 15N'-labelled urea with a 15N excess (15N') of 96.06 atom-% over a period of 6 days. After another 2 days on which the hens received the same ration with unlabelled urea, they were butchered. The atom-% 15N' of the blood on an average of the 3 hens was 0.64, of the plasma 1.40 and of the corpuscles 0.47. The TCA-soluble fraction of the blood had an average 15N' of 1.14 atom-%; the 15N amount is 9.7% of the total amount of 15N in the blood. The amount of 15N' in the urea in the blood was 6.8 atom-%. This shows that the absorbed urea is decomposed very slowly. The quota of 15N' in the basic amino acids from the total 15N' of the blood plasma is only 0.3% and that of the corpuscles 2.2%. The average 15N' of the mature follicles is 2.39 atom-% whereas the smallest and the remaining ovary contain 1.12 atom-%. The labelling level of lysine in mature egg cells was, in contrast to this, only 0.08 atom-% 15N' and in infantile follicles 0.04 atom-% 15N'. 1% of the 15N' quota is in the follicles and the remaining ovary. Of the basic amino acids, histidine is most strongly labelled. The as a whole lower incorporation of the 15N from urea into the basic amino acids shows that the nitrogen of this compound can be used for the synthesis of the essential amino acids to a low degree only.

[Effect of graded dietary protein rations on the amino acid content of crude protein in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract and blood fractions of laying hens]

Four groups of four colostomized laying hens each received rations only consisting of wheat, vitamins plus a mineral mixture and a graded daily feed supply of 110 g, 88 g, 66 g and 44 g. The determination of amino acids from faeces was carried out after hydrolysis from a 6-day sampling period from the 16 laying hybrids. At the end of the experiment the animals were slaughtered. The corpuscular fractions of the blood, the contents of crop and stomach as well as of the intestines were also hydrolysed and the amino acid content in the crude protein was determined. In addition, the content of free amino acids in the blood plasma was determined. The content of amino acids in the protein of the corpuscular blood fractions remained uninfluenced by the decreasing amino acid and energy supply. The content of free basic amino acids in the blood plasma decreased with the decreasing supply with amino acids and energy, whereas the content of free amino acids with branched chains and hydroxylized ones increased. The content of glutamic acid in the contents of crop and stomach changed considerably in comparison with feed protein. The amino acid values of the crude protein in the contents of the intestines and in faeces to a large extent differ considerably from those of the wheat fed and are approximate values of body protein. Deficient supply with amino acids and energy did not influence the apparent digestibility of the amino acids.

[Studies of 15N-labeled lysine in colostomized laying hens. 6. 15N incorporation into basic amino acids of the liver, kidney, meat, bones and remaining body as well as 15N balance]

Three colostomised laying hybrids received 91.40 mg L-lysine-15N-excess (15N') each over a period of four days in a metabolism experiment with 15N-labelled lysine. After another four days, during which the hens received the same rations supplemented by commercial L-lysine, the animals were butchered and divided into individual fractions. After the hydrochloric hydrolysis of the organs and tissues the heavy nitrogen of lysine, histidine and arginine were separated, quantitatively evaluated, processed and measured with an emission spectrometer. Atom-% 15N' on an average amounted to 0.20 in the liver, 0.16 in the kidneys, 0.06 in the meat and 0.05 in the bones. Of the rediscovered 15N' applied, faeces contained 8.1%, urine 18.3%, the eggs 24.3%, the blood 4.9%, the meat 20.5%, the bones 5.2%, the gastro-intestinal tract with its contents 4.5%, the liver 3.5%, the kidneys 0.9%, the reproductive organs 3.7% and the rest 6.1%. The quota of rediscovery of the 15N' applied was 95.7%. 62% of the total 15N' was rediscovered in eggs, body and faeces as lysine 15N'. There was significantly more 15N' in the arginine in all fractions than in the histidine. The quota of the lysine-15N' of the total 15N' differed considerably in the fractions: less than 40% bones and blood; 48...56% gastro-intestinal tract, faeces, oviduct, kidneys; 62...63% remaining ovary, rest; 69...71% eggs, meat, liver. It could be proved that the alpha-amino group of lysine is to a large extent incorporated into other amino acids. Further proof that the amino acid metabolism proceeds in two phases was submitted, i.e. hight amounts of amino acids previously deposited in the body are used for egg synthesis.

[Studies of 15N-labeled lysine in colostomized laying hens. 3. 15N incorporation into the amino acids of the follicle, residual ovary and oviduct]

In a metabolism experiments with 15N-labelled lysine 3 colostomized laying hybrids received over 4 days 0.2% L-Lysine with 48 atom-% 15N-excess (15N') in addition to a ration conventionally produced and, subsequent to this, unlabelled lysine for four days. At the end of the experiment the hens were butchered: individual organs and tissues were prepared for 15N-analysis. The incorporation of the lysine-15N' into the further amino acids in the follicles, the ovary and the oviduct is described. The atom-% 15N' of the complete range of amino acids was analysed in the individual follicles. Various levels of heavy nitrogen could be detected in all essential and non-essential amino acids. Of the total amount of 15N' detected in the follicles 64.0% 65.0% and 61.2% resp. could be detected in lysine and 25.2%, 25.4%, 28.7% resp. in the other amino acids (hens 1 to 3). In the ovary on average 61.6% and on the oviduct 54.2% of the respective 15N'-amount was detected in lysine. In the ovary 10.9% and in the oviduct 8.4% 15N' of the total 15N' of these samples were incorporated into the arginine molecules.

[The effect of solids from pig manure as food components in rations for fat bulls, heifers and calves on the crude nutrient and amino acid content of the longissimus dorsi muscle]

In continuation of our studies on the use of pig manure in ruminant feeding, the present paper is concerned with the investigation of the effects of solids from semi-liquid pig manure as ration components on the crude nutrient and amino-acid contents of the longissimus dorsi muscles of bulls, heifers and calves from experimental and control groups each including 6 animals. There was no difference in the crude protein, pure protein and crude ash contents between the control and the experimental groups. On the contrary, the data on dry matter and crude fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly lower in the experimental animals than in the control animals. This difference is explained by the fact that the energy content of the experimental ration (containing solids from semi-liquid pig manure) is lower than that of the standard ration. The results obtained from the analysis for 17 amino acids show that the change in amino-acid content of the muscle protein is not determined by the use of solids from semi-liquid pig manure.

[The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented high protein wheat during the rearing and laying period in hens. 9. True amino acid digestibility of rations with varying lysine levels in hens who had a colostomy]

24 experimental birds were fed the same basal ration containing 74% high-protein wheat, 4% extracted soya bean meal, 7% extracted groundnut meal, 2% feed yeast, 1.75% dried green meal, 1.25% mixed vitamins and 10% of a mineral mixture. The birds were placed in 4 groups each comprising 6 hens. The first two groups received an optimum of lysine (0.68%) added to the ration. The rations for the two other groups contained 0.55% lysine. 6 birds of each group receiving either the lysinesupplemented or the unsupplemented rations were colostomated to investigate in which way the hydrolysed urine would affect the true amino acid digestibility. 8.3% of urinary N from the total amount of faecal N were precipitated as uranyl acetate in the faeces of hens fed the lysine-supplemented ration as compared with 7.3% urinary N in birds receiving the unsupplemented ration. The corresponding figures for non-precipitable faecal N were 8.9% and 8.2%. A comparison was made between the levels of amino acids excreted by colostomated and non-colostomated hens showing that 12.4% +/- 3% and 11.7% +/- 3% more amino acids (figures for the supplemented and unsupplemented rations) were excreted in the presence of urine. On the basis of these results the authors recommend that only colostomated hens should be used in digestibility and total metabolism trials.