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Mulder PP, Mueller-Maatsch JT, Meijer N, Bosch M, Zoet L, Van Der Fels-Klerx H. Effects of dietary exposure to plant toxins on bioaccumulation, survival, and growth of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae and lesser mealworm ( Alphitobius diaperinus). Heliyon 2024; 10:e26523. [PMID: 38404897 PMCID: PMC10884485 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In their natural habitat, insects may bioaccumulate toxins from plants for defence against predators. When insects are accidently raised on feed that is contaminated with toxins from co-harvested herbs, this may pose a health risk when used for human or animal consumption. Plant toxins of particular relevance are the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are genotoxic carcinogens produced by a wide variety of plant species and the tropane alkaloids (TAs) which are produced by a number of Solanaceae species. This study aimed to investigate the transfer of these plant toxins from substrates to black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and lesser mealworm (LMW). PAs and the TAs atropine and scopolamine were added to insect substrate simulating the presence of different PA- or TA-containing herbs, and BSFL and LMW were grown on these substrates. Bioaccumulation from substrate to insects varied widely among the different plant toxins. Highest bioaccumulation was observed for the PAs europine, rinderine and echinatine. For most PAs and for atropine and scopolamine, bioaccumulation was very low. In the substrate, PA N-oxides were quickly converted to the corresponding tertiary amines. More research is needed to verify the findings of this study at larger scale, and to determine the potential role of the insect and/or substrate microbiome in metabolizing these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P.J. Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith T.L. Mueller-Maatsch
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nathan Meijer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marlou Bosch
- Ynsect NL (formerly Protifarm), Harderwijkerweg 141a, 3852 AB Ermelo, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Zoet
- Bestico, Industrieweg 6, 2651 BE Berkel en Rodenrijs, the Netherlands
| | - H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Knoop K, Knappstein K, Kaltner F, Gabler AM, Taenzer J, These A, Kersten S, Meyer U, Frahm J, Kluess J, Hüther L, Gottschalk C, Bach Knudsen KE, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S. Short-term exposure of dairy cows to pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort ( Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.): effects on health and performance. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:363-384. [PMID: 37842997 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2261806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing spread of ragworts is observed with concern. Ragworts like tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.) or marsh ragwort (J. aquatica) contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) which may induce hepatotoxic effects. Grazing animals usually avoid ragworts if their pasture management is appropriate. Preserved feed prepared from ragworts contaminated meadows may, however, lead to a significant exposure to PA. Previous studies on toxicity of PA for dairy cows revealed inconsistent results due to feeding ragwort plant material which was associated with heterogeneous PA exposure and thus failed to conclusively deduce critical PA doses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to expose dairy cows (n = 4 per group) in a short-term scenario for 28 days with increasing PA doses (PA1: 0.47 mg PA/kg body weight (BW)/day (d); PA2: 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA3: 1.91 mg PA/kg BW/d) via oral administration by gavage of a defined PA-extract. While group PA3 was dosed with the PA-extract alone, groups PA2 and PA1 received PA-extracts blended in similar volumes with molasses to provide comparable amounts of sugar. Additionally, two control groups were treated either with water (CONWater) or with molasses (CONMolasses) to assess the effects of sugar without PA interference. While clinical traits including dry matter intake, milking performance, rectal body temperature, ruminal activity and body condition score (BCS) were not influenced by PA exposure, activities of enzymes indicative for liver damages, such as gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), increased significantly over time at an exposure of 1.91 mg total PA/kg BW/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knoop
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Taenzer
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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