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Qin B, Bao D, Liu Y, Zeng S, Deng K, Liu H, Fu S. Engineered exosomes: a promising strategy for tendon-bone healing. J Adv Res 2024; 64:155-169. [PMID: 37972886 PMCID: PMC11464473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the spatiotemporal complexity of the composition, structure, and cell population of the tendon-bone interface (TBI), it is difficult to achieve true healing. Recent research is increasingly focusing on engineered exosomes, which are a promising strategy for TBI regeneration. AIM OF REVIEW This review discusses the physiological and pathological characteristics of TBI and the application and limitations of natural exosomes in the field of tendon-bone healing. The definition, loading strategies, and spatiotemporal properties of engineered exosomes were elaborated. We also summarize the application and future research directions of engineered exosomes in the field of tendon-bone healing. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Engineered exosomes can spatially deliver cargo to targeted sites and temporally realize the sustained release of therapeutic molecules in TBI. This review expounds on the multidifferentiation of engineered exosomes for tendon-bone healing, which effectively improves the biological and biomechanical properties of TBI. Engineered exosomes could be a promising strategy for tendon-bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China
| | - Dingsu Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China
| | - Shengqiang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China.
| | - Shijie Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, China.
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Tang J, Wang X, Lin X, Wu C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a regulator and carrier for targeting bone-related diseases. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:212. [PMID: 38697996 PMCID: PMC11066013 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating threat of bone-related diseases poses a significant challenge to human health. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as inherent cell-secreted natural products, have emerged as promising treatments for bone-related diseases. Leveraging outstanding features such as high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, superior biological barrier penetration, and extended circulating half-life, MSC-EVs serve as potent carriers for microRNAs (miRNAs), long no-code RNAs (lncRNAs), and other biomolecules. These cargo molecules play pivotal roles in orchestrating bone metabolism and vascularity through diverse mechanisms, thereby contributing to the amelioration of bone diseases. Additionally, engineering modifications enhance the bone-targeting ability of MSC-EVs, mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering their clinical translational potential. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which MSC-EVs regulate bone-related disease progression. It delves into the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs as adept drug carriers, augmented by engineered modification strategies tailored for osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, and osteosarcoma. In conclusion, the exceptional promise exhibited by MSC-EVs positions them as an excellent solution with considerable translational applications in clinical orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Tang
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China.
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Lei M, Zhu Z, Hu X, Wu D, Huang W, Zhang Y, Chen H. Postoperative Antiosteoporotic Treatment with Zoledronic Acid Improves Rotator Cuff Healing but Does Not Improve Outcomes in Female Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Prospective, Single-Blinded, Randomized Study. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:714-722. [PMID: 37832742 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of the antiosteoporotic agent zoledronic acid (ZA) on rotator cuff healing and clinical outcomes in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 138 female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) from March 2020 to March 2021. Patients were randomly allocated to the ZA group (ARCR followed by intravenous ZA infusions at postoperative Day 1 and 1 year later) and the control group (ARCR alone). All patients were followed up for 24 months. Tendon healing was evaluated by ultrasonography at 6 weeks and 24 months after surgery. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) index, and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain were recorded at each follow-up, and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was calculated. RESULTS A total of 124 patients were included in the final analysis, 61 in the ZA group and 63 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in participant characteristics between the 2 groups. The ZA group had a significantly higher tendon healing rate than the control group at 2 years after surgery (odds ratio = 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-18.7; P = .014). Regarding clinical outcomes, 100% of patients exceeded the MCID in both groups, and no significant differences were found at 2 years after surgery between the 2 groups (ASES: 2.5 [95% CI, -2.2 to 7.2; P = .291]; WORC index: 4.5 [95% CI, -0.117 to 9.117; P = .056]; NRS: -0.1 [95% CI, -0.3 to 0.1; P = .394]). CONCLUSIONS Antiosteoporotic treatment with ZA reduced the retear rate but did not significantly influence the clinical outcomes after ARCR in female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Outcomes of ARCR showed good results in both groups and exceeded the MCID. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Shi BY, Sriram V, Wu SY, Huang D, Cheney A, Metzger MF, Sundberg O, Lyons KM, McKenna CE, Nishimura I, Kremen TJ. Novel bisphosphonate-based cathepsin K-triggered compound targets the enthesis without impairing soft tissue-to-bone healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1308161. [PMID: 38433822 PMCID: PMC10905384 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1308161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteoadsorptive fluorogenic sentinel 3 (OFS-3) is a recently described compound that contains a bone-targeting bisphosphonate (BP) and cathepsin K (Ctsk)-triggered fluorescence signal. A prior study in a murine Achilles repair model demonstrated its effectiveness at targeting the site of tendon-to-bone repair, but the intrinsic effect of this novel bisphosphonate chaperone on tendon-to-bone healing has not been previously explored. We hypothesized that application of this bisphosphonate-fluorophore cargo conjugate would not affect the biomechanical properties or histologic appearance of tendon-bone repairs. Materials and Methods: Right hindlimb Achilles tendon-to-bone repair was performed on 12-week old male mice. Animals were divided into 2 groups of 18 each: 1) Achilles repair with OFS-3 applied directly to the repair site prior to closure, and 2) Achilles repair with saline applied prior to closure. Repaired hindlimbs from 12 animals per group were harvested at 6 weeks for biomechanical analysis with a custom 3D-printed jig. At 4 and 6 weeks, repaired hindlimbs from the remaining animals were assessed histologically using H&E, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for the presence of Ctsk, and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging to evaluate collagen fibers. Results: At 6 weeks, there was no significant difference in failure load, stiffness, toughness, or displacement to failure between repaired hindlimbs that received OFS-3 versus saline. There was no difference in tissue healing on H&E or Ctsk staining on immunohistochemistry between animals that received OFS-3 versus saline. Finally, second harmonic generation imaging demonstrated no difference in collagen fiber parameters between the two groups. Conclusion: OFS-3 did not significantly affect the biomechanical properties or histologic appearance of murine Achilles tendon-to-bone repairs. This study demonstrates that OFS-3 can target the site of tendon-to-bone repair without causing intrinsic negative effects on healing. Further development of this drug delivery platform to target growth factors to the site of tendon-bone repair is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Y. Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Varun Sriram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shannon Y. Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dave Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Cheney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melodie F. Metzger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Oskar Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Karen M. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Kremen TJ, Shi BY, Wu SY, Sundberg O, Sriram V, Kim W, Sheyn D, Lyons KM, Wang W, McKenna CE, Nishimura I. Biologically-coupled bisphosphonate chaperones effectively deliver molecules to the site of soft tissue-bone healing. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2250-2260. [PMID: 37087676 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and often treated surgically, however, current tendon repair healing results in poorly organized fibrotic tissue. While certain growth factors have been reported to improve both the strength and organization of the repaired enthesis, their clinical applicability is severely limited due to a lack of appropriate delivery strategies. In this study, we evaluated a recently developed fluorescent probe, Osteoadsorptive Fluorogenic Sentinel-3 that is composed of a bone-targeting bisphosphonate (BP) moiety linked to fluorochrome and quencher molecules joined via a cathepsin K-sensitive peptide sequence. Using a murine Achilles tendon-to-bone repair model, BP-based and/or Ctsk-coupled imaging probes were applied either locally or systemically. Fluorescence imaging was used to quantify the resultant signal in vivo. After tendon-bone repair, animals that received either local or systemic administration of imaging probes demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence signal at the repair site compared to the sham surgery group at all time points (p < 0.001), with signal peaking at 7-10 days after surgery. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using a novel BP-based targeting and Ctsk-activated delivery of molecules to the site of tendon-to-bone repair and creates a foundation for further development of this platform as an effective strategy to deliver bioactive molecules to sites of musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Y Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shannon Y Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oskar Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Varun Sriram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Chretien A, Mabilleau G, Lebacq J, Docquier PL, Behets C. Beneficial Effects of Zoledronic Acid on Tendons of the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mouse (Oim). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:832. [PMID: 37375779 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue characterized by spontaneous fractures, bone deformities, impaired growth and posture, as well as extra-skeletal manifestations. Recent studies have underlined an impairment of the osteotendinous complex in mice models of OI. The first objective of the present work was to further investigate the properties of tendons in the osteogenesis imperfecta mouse (oim), a model characterized by a mutation in the COL1A2 gene. The second objective was to identify the possible beneficial effects of zoledronic acid on tendons. Oim received a single intravenous injection of zoledronic acid (ZA group) at 5 weeks and were euthanized at 14 weeks. Their tendons were compared with those of untreated oim (oim group) and control mice (WT group) by histology, mechanical tests, western blotting and Raman spectroscopy. The ulnar epiphysis had a significantly lower relative bone surface (BV/TV) in oim than WT mice. The tendon of the triceps brachii was also significantly less birefringent and displayed numerous chondrocytes aligned along the fibers. ZA mice showed an increase in BV/TV of the ulnar epiphysis and in tendon birefringence. The tendon of the flexor digitorum longus was significantly less viscous in oim than WT mice; in ZA-treated mice, there was an improvement of viscoelastic properties, especially in the toe region of stress-strain curve, which corresponds to collagen crimp. The tendons of both oim and ZA groups did not show any significant change in the expression of decorin or tenomodulin. Finally, Raman spectroscopy highlighted differences in material properties between ZA and WT tendons. There was also a significant increase in the rate of hydroxyproline in the tendons of ZA mice compared with oim ones. This study highlighted changes in matrix organization and an alteration of mechanical properties in oim tendons; zoledronic acid treatment had beneficial effects on these parameters. In the future, it will be interesting to better understand the underlying mechanisms which are possibly linked to a greater solicitation of the musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Chretien
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Oniris, Inserm, UMR_S 1229-RMeS, REGOS, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Department of Cell and Tissue Pathology, Bone Pathology Unit, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Jean Lebacq
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Louis Docquier
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Behets
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Zou M, Wang J, Shao Z. Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Tendon and Tendon-Bone Healing: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:299. [PMID: 37367263 PMCID: PMC10299056 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have been proven to play a positive role in tendon and tendon-bone healing. Here, we systematically review the literature to evaluate the efficacy of exosomes in tendon and tendon-bone healing. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature was performed on 21 January 2023. The electronic databases searched included Medline (through PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Ovid. In the end, a total of 1794 articles were systematically reviewed. Furthermore, a "snowball" search was also carried out. Finally, forty-six studies were included for analysis, with the total sample size being 1481 rats, 416 mice, 330 rabbits, 48 dogs, and 12 sheep. In these studies, exosomes promoted tendon and tendon-bone healing and displayed improved histological, biomechanical and morphological outcomes. Some studies also suggested the mechanism of exosomes in promoting tendon and tendon-bone healing, mainly through the following aspects: (1) suppressing inflammatory response and regulating macrophage polarization; (2) regulating gene expression, reshaping cell microenvironment and reconstructing extracellular matrix; (3) promoting angiogenesis. The risk of bias in the included studies was low on the whole. This systematic review provides evidence of the positive effect of exosomes on tendon and tendon-bone healing in preclinical studies. The unclear-to-low risk of bias highlights the significance of standardization of outcome reporting. It should be noted that the most suitable source, isolation methods, concentration and administration frequency of exosomes are still unknown. Additionally, few studies have used large animals as subjects. Further studies may be required on comparing the safety and efficacy of different treatment parameters in large animal models, which would be conducive to the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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Simvastatin promotes rat Achilles tendon-bone interface healing by promoting osteogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:339-355. [PMID: 36513828 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect and mechanism of simvastatin on cell components of tendon-bone healing interface. The tendon-bone healing model was established by inserting the end of the Achilles tendon into the tibial tunnel on 24 rats, and simvastatin was used locally at the tendon-bone interface. Healing was evaluated at 8 weeks by mechanical testing, micro-CT, and qualitative histology including H&E, Toluidine blue, and immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and tendon-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TDSCs) underwent osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation respectively by plate co-culture. An analysis was performed on days 7 and 14 of cell differentiation. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a significant increase in maximum stiffness in the simvastatin-treated group. Micro-CT analysis showed that the bone tunnels in the simvastatin group were smaller in diameter and had higher bone density. H&E and Toluidine blue staining demonstrated that tendon-bone healing was significantly greater with better tissue arrangement and more extracellular matrix in the simvastatin-treated group than that in the control group, and immunohistochemical staining showed the expression of VEGF in simvastatin group was significantly higher. Histological staining and RT-PCR confirmed that simvastatin could promote the differentiation of co-cultured BMSCs and TDSCs into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, respectively. The effect of promoting osteogenic differentiation was more tremendous at 14 days, while its effect on promoting chondroblast differentiation was more evident on the 7th day of differentiation. In conclusion, local administration of simvastatin can promote the tendon-bone healing by enhancing neovascularization, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis in different stages of the tendon-bone healing process.
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Zou J, Yang W, Cui W, Li C, Ma C, Ji X, Hong J, Qu Z, Chen J, Liu A, Wu H. Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as bioactive materials in tendon-bone healing. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:14. [PMID: 36642728 PMCID: PMC9841717 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon-bone insertion (TBI) injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament injury and rotator cuff injury, are the most common soft tissue injuries. In most situations, surgical tendon/ligament reconstruction is necessary for treating such injuries. However, a significant number of cases failed because healing of the enthesis occurs through scar tissue formation rather than the regeneration of transitional tissue. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been well documented in animal and clinical studies, such as chronic paraplegia, non-ischemic heart failure, and osteoarthritis of the knee. MSCs are multipotent stem cells, which have self-renewability and the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cells such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Numerous studies have suggested that MSCs could promote angiogenesis and cell proliferation, reduce inflammation, and produce a large number of bioactive molecules involved in the repair. These effects are likely mediated by the paracrine mechanisms of MSCs, particularly through the release of exosomes. Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a lipid bilayer and a membrane structure, are naturally released by various cell types. They play an essential role in intercellular communication by transferring bioactive lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, such as mRNAs and miRNAs, between cells to influence the physiological and pathological processes of recipient cells. Exosomes have been shown to facilitate tissue repair and regeneration. Herein, we discuss the prospective applications of MSC-derived exosomes in TBI injuries. We also review the roles of MSC-EVs and the underlying mechanisms of their effects on promoting tendon-bone healing. At last, we discuss the present challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wushi Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Congsun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China.
| | - An Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haobo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Yang W, Li C, Ji X, Yao M, Hong J, Qu Z, Liu A, Wu H. Synergistic Effect of Reverse Drilling and Bone Dust on Femoral Tendon-Bone Healing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Rabbit Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3844-3855. [PMID: 36326437 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221129267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and bone tunnel enlargement (BTE) after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) remain frequent issues. Bone dust (BD) produced by tunnel preparation with osteogenic ability and reverse drilling (RD), an easy compaction technique, make it accessible to enhance tendon-bone healing in the clinic. HYPOTHESIS RD and BD synergistically promote tendon-bone healing by improving peritunnel bone and preventing BTE in femurs. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS In total, 96 New Zealand White rabbits underwent ACLR. The semitendinosus tendon was freed before medial parapatellar arthrotomy. After the native ACL was transected, bone tunnels were prepared through the footprint of the native ACL. All animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups according to different tunnel preparation methods: group 1 (irrigation after extraction drilling [ED]; control group), group 2 (irrigation after RD), group 3 (no irrigation after ED), and group 4 (no irrigation after RD). BD was harvested by irrigating tunnels and was characterized by morphology and size. The specimens underwent microarchitectural, histological, and biomechanical evaluations at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS Micro-computed tomography demonstrated more peritunnel bone and less BTE in the femurs of group 4 compared with the other groups. Histologically, BD possessed osteogenic activity in bone tunnels postoperatively. Meanwhile, group 4 regenerated a higher amount of the tendon-bone interface and more peritunnel bone than group 1. Biomechanically, group 4 showed higher failure loads and stiffness than group 1. However, peritunnel bone loss, active osteoclasts, and significant BTE were found in the femurs of group 1 and group 3 at 12 weeks postoperatively, while no strong correlation was found between BTE and inflammatory cytokines. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis suggested that BD produced by ED and RD had no difference in size. CONCLUSION Tendon-bone healing was facilitated by the synergistic effect of RD and BD in femurs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides a more accessible and effective surgical strategy to promote tendon-bone healing after ACLR by increasing peritunnel bone and preventing BTE in femurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congsun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minjun Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Qu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haobo Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Kang K, Geng Q, Cui L, Wu L, Zhang L, Li T, Zhang Q, Gao S. Upregulation of Runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) contributes to tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:266. [PMID: 35562802 PMCID: PMC9107123 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury could lead to functional impairment along with disabilities. ACL reconstruction often fails owing to the regeneration failure of tendon–bone interface. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of Runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) on tendon–bone healing after ACL reconstruction using bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods BMSCs were isolated from the marrow cavity of rat femur, followed by the modification of RUNX1 with lentiviral system. Then, an ACL reconstruction model of rats was established with autografts. Results Results of flow cytometry exhibited positive-antigen CD44 and CD90, as well as negative-antigen CD34 and CD45 of the BMSCs. Then, we found that RUNX1-upregulated BMSCs elevated the decreased biomechanical strength of the tendon grafts after ACL reconstruction. Moreover, based on the histological observation, upregulation of RUNX1 was linked with better recovery around the bone tunnel, a tighter tendon–bone interface, and more collagen fibers compared to the group of BMSCs infected with LV-NC. Next, RUNX1-upregulated BMSCs promoted osteogenesis after ACL reconstruction, as evidenced by the mitigation of severe loss and erosion of the cartilage and bone in the tibial and femur area, as well as the increased number of osteoblasts identified by the upregulation of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in the tendon–bone interface. Conclusion Elevated expression of RUNX1 contributed to tendon–bone healing after ACL reconstruction using BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Geng
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lukuan Cui
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Wu
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Gao
- The Second Department of Joint Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Lee JH, Yoon JY, Lee YB. The Use of Intravenous Zoledronate May Reduce Retear Rate after Rotator Cuff Repair in Older Female Patients with Osteoporosis. A First In-Human Prospective Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030836. [PMID: 35160287 PMCID: PMC8836943 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect of intravenous (IV) zoledronate administration on rotator cuff healing, retear rate, and clinical outcomes in osteoporotic patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) compared with patients with normal bone densities. In this prospective nonrandomized comparative study with propensity score matching, 30 patients who were postoperatively administered IV zoledronate (5 mg) were enrolled as the study group. The control group was matched using 1-to-2 propensity score matching. Radiologic and functional outcomes were evaluated 6 months after surgery. The functional scores in both groups exhibited significant improvement 6 months after surgery. Compared with Group 1 (osteoporosis with IV zoledronate injection) Group 2 (normal bone density) showed significant improvement in their University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score and Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) at 6 months postoperatively. The range of motion improved in both groups at 6 months after surgery. The retear rates according to Sugaya’s classification (IV and V) were 13.3% (4 of 30 patients) and 25% (15 of 60 patients) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, which established a non-inferiority of Group 1 to the control group. The retear pattern according to Rhee’s classification in Group 1 was type I in all cases, whereas eight cases of type I and seven cases of type II patterns were observed in Group 2, which was statistically insignificant between the groups. In conclusion, anti-osteoporotic drug use is beneficial for patients with osteoporosis to reduce the failure rate after an ARCR of length > 2 cm, especially in older female patients. Moreover, thorough scrutiny is required to detect osteoporosis in patients with rotator cuff tears, especially in female patients.
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13
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Bozkurt O, Bağır M, Mirioğlu A, Tekin M, Biçer ÖS, Özkan C, Erdoğan K. The histological effect of tranexamic acid on tendon-to-bone healing histologically in rats. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2021; 32:688-697. [PMID: 34842101 PMCID: PMC8650670 DOI: 10.52312/jdrs.2021.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) on osteotendinous junction healing in a rat model, both biomechanically and histologically. Materials and methods
Sixty-four male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 450 to 600 g were used in this study. The rats were divided into two groups as the experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. Achillotomy and subsequent repair site was exposed to 1 mL of TXA in the experimental group, while 1 mL of saline was given to the control group. For biomechanical and histopathological investigation, each group was further divided into two subgroups. At the end of four weeks, all rats were sacrificed. Biomechanical tests were performed using the M500-50CT device. The Bonar, Movin, and Nourissat bone-tendon junction scoring systems were used for histopathological evaluation. Results
There was no statistically significant difference in the elongation at a maximum point, maximum loading, and maximum stress variables in the biomechanical study (p=0.558 p=0.775, and p=0.558, respectively). In the histopathological evaluation, the collagen content and layout were close to the native tissue in the experimental group (p=0.047 and p=0.008, respectively). Vascularity, hyalinization, and glycosaminoglycan content were significantly lower in the experimental group (p=0.004, p=0.014, and p=0.026, respectively). The total Bonar and Movin scores were more favorable in the experimental group (p<0.001). Conclusion
This experimental study showed that local administration of TXA accelerated bone-tendon junction healing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melih Bağır
- Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, 01330 Sarıçam, Adana, Türkiye.
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14
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Feng W, Jin Q, Ming-Yu Y, Yang H, Xu T, You-Xing S, Xu-Ting B, Wan C, Yun-Jiao W, Huan W, Ai-Ning Y, Yan L, Hong T, Pan H, Mi-Duo M, Gang H, Mei Z, Xia K, Kang-Lai T. MiR-6924-5p-rich exosomes derived from genetically modified Scleraxis-overexpressing PDGFRα(+) BMMSCs as novel nanotherapeutics for treating osteolysis during tendon-bone healing and improving healing strength. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121242. [PMID: 34768151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteolysis at the tendon-bone interface can impair pullout strength during tendon-bone healing and lead to surgery failure, but the effects of clinical treatments are not satisfactory. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been used as potent and feasible natural nanocarriers for drug delivery and have been proven to enhance tendon-bone healing strength, indicating that MSC-derived exosomes could be a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we explored Scleraxis (Scx) dynamically expressed in PDGFRα(+) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) during natural tendon-bone healing. Then, we investigated the role of PDGFRα(+) BMMSCs in tendon-bone healing after Scx overexpression as well as the underlying mechanisms. Our data demonstrated that Scx-overexpressing PDGFRα(+) BMMSCs (BMMSCScx) could efficiently inhibit peritunnel osteolysis and enhance tendon-bone healing strength by preventing osteoclastogenesis in an exosomes-dependent manner. Exosomal RNA-seq revealed that the abundance of a novel miRNA, miR-6924-5p, was highest among miRNAs. miR-6924-5p could directly inhibit osteoclast formation by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of OCSTAMP and CXCL12. Inhibition of miR-6924-5p expression reversed the prevention of osteoclastogenic differentiation by BMMSCScx derived exosomes (BMMSCScx-exos). Local injection of BMMSCScx-exos or miR-6924-5p dramatically reduced osteoclast formation and improved tendon-bone healing strength. Furthermore, delivery of miR-6924-5p efficiently inhibited the osteoclastogenesis of human monocytes. In brief, our study demonstrates that BMMSCScx-exos or miR-6924-5p could serve as a potential therapy for the treatment of osteolysis during tendon-bone healing and improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Feng
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Ming-Yu
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - He Yang
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Shi You-Xing
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Bian Xu-Ting
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Chen Wan
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Wang Yun-Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Wang Huan
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Yang Ai-Ning
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Tang Hong
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Huang Pan
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Mu Mi-Duo
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - He Gang
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Zhou Mei
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Kang Xia
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Tang Kang-Lai
- Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400000, China.
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15
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Sung CM, Kim RJ, Hah YS, Gwark JY, Park HB. In vitro effects of alendronate on fibroblasts of the human rotator cuff tendon. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 31926548 PMCID: PMC6955091 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-3014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone mineral density of the humeral head is an independent determining factor for postoperative rotator cuff tendon healing. Bisphosphonates, which are commonly used to treat osteoporosis, have raised concerns regarding their relationships to osteonecrosis of the jaw and to atypical fracture of the femur. In view of the prevalence of rotator cuff tear in osteoporotic elderly people, it is important to determine whether bisphosphonates affect rotator cuff tendon healing. However, no studies have investigated bisphosphonates’ cytotoxicity to human rotator cuff tendon fibroblasts (HRFs) or bisphosphonates’ effects on rotator cuff tendon healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of alendronate (Ald), a bisphosphonate, and its effects on HRF wound healing. Methods HRFs were obtained from human supraspinatus tendons, using primary cell cultures. The experimental groups were control, 0.1 μM Ald, 1 μM Ald, 10 μM Ald, and 100 μM Ald. Alendronate exposure was for 48 h, except during a cell viability analysis with durations from 1 day to 6 days. The experimental groups were evaluated for cell viability, cell cycle and cell proliferation, type of cell death, caspase activity, and wound-healing ability. Results The following findings regarding the 100 μM Ald group contrasted with those for all the other experimental groups: a significantly lower rate of live cells (p < 0.01), a higher rate of subG1 population, a lower rate of Ki-67 positive cells, higher rates of apoptosis and necrosis, a higher number of cells with DNA fragmentation, higher caspase-3/7 activity (p < 0.001), and a higher number of caspase-3 positive staining cells. In scratch-wound healing analyses of all the experimental groups, all the wounds healed within 48 h, except in the 100 μM Ald group (p < 0.001). Conclusions Low concentrations of alendronate appear to have little effect on HRF viability, proliferation, migration, and wound healing. However, high concentrations are significantly cytotoxic, impairing cellular proliferation, cellular migration, and wound healing in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Meen Sung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ra Jeong Kim
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Gwark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea, 51472
| | - Hyung Bin Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea, 51472.
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