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Jain P, Kumar N, Avasare V. A Shuttle Catalysis: Elucidating a True Reaction Mechanism Involved in the Palladium Xantphos-Assisted Transposition of Aroyl Chloride and Aryl Iodide Functional Groups. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12547-12557. [PMID: 35584056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thorough DFT study was performed to unravel the true mechanism involved in the Pd(0)-catalyzed functional group transposition between aroyl chlorides and aryl iodides. Two different experimental groups proposed different mechanisms for the functional group transposition reaction. A careful assessment of experimental findings and thorough computational studies endorsed that the functional group transposition proceeds via phosphonium salt formation and ligand-enabled C-P bond metathesis, leading to the formation of the PhI and the intermediate 2. After the formation of the intermediate 2, the transposition of functional groups takes place through the interpalladium ligand exchange mechanism, where two palladium centers act as shuttle catalysts. In short, both C-P bond metathesis and interpalladium ligand exchange steps are crucial in the functional group transposition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, Maharashtra 411030, India
| | - Vidya Avasare
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, Maharashtra 411030, India.,Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
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2
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Siow A, Tasma Z, Walker CS, Brimble MA, Harris PWR. Synthesis and development of seven-membered constrained cyclic urea based PSMA inhibitors via RCM. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular ring-closing metathesis on an N,N-diallyl Glu-urea-Gly substrate affords 7-membered cyclic ureas as inhibitors of prostrate specific membrane antigen (PMSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Tasma
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul. W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:770-803. [PMID: 32162523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2723] [Impact Index Per Article: 680.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review is an updated and expanded version of the five prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2016. For all approved therapeutic agents, the time frame has been extended to cover the almost 39 years from the first of January 1981 to the 30th of September 2019 for all diseases worldwide and from ∼1946 (earliest so far identified) to the 30th of September 2019 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. As in earlier reviews, only the first approval of any drug is counted, irrespective of how many "biosimilars" or added approvals were subsequently identified. As in the 2012 and 2016 reviews, we have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic", or "NM", to join the original primary divisions, and the designation "natural product botanical", or "NB", to cover those botanical "defined mixtures" now recognized as drug entities by the FDA (and similar organizations). From the data presented in this review, the utilization of natural products and/or synthetic variations using their novel structures, in order to discover and develop the final drug entity, is still alive and well. For example, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from 1946 to 1980, of the 75 small molecules, 40, or 53.3%, are N or ND. In the 1981 to date time frame the equivalent figures for the N* compounds of the 185 small molecules are 62, or 33.5%, though to these can be added the 58 S* and S*/NMs, bringing the figure to 64.9%. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked with, as expected from prior information, the anti-infective area being dependent on natural products and their structures, though as can be seen in the review there are still disease areas (shown in Table 2) for which there are no drugs derived from natural products. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have been used very successfully in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are still able to identify only two de novo combinatorial compounds (one of which is a little speculative) approved as drugs in this 39-year time frame, though there is also one drug that was developed using the "fragment-binding methodology" and approved in 2012. We have also added a discussion of candidate drug entities currently in clinical trials as "warheads" and some very interesting preliminary reports on sources of novel antibiotics from Nature due to the absolute requirement for new agents to combat plasmid-borne resistance genes now in the general populace. We continue to draw the attention of readers to the recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated"; thus we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- NIH Special Volunteer, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, United States
| | - Gordon M Cragg
- NIH Special Volunteer, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, United States
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Arbour CA, Belavek KJ, Tariq R, Mukherjee S, Tom JK, Isidro-Llobet A, Kopach ME, Stockdill JL. Bringing Macrolactamization Full Circle: Self-Cleaving Head-to-Tail Macrocyclization of Unprotected Peptides via Mild N-Acyl Urea Activation. J Org Chem 2018; 84:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Arbour
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kayla J. Belavek
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Rooha Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chemical and Synthetic Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Amgen, Inc., Pivotal Drug Substance Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Stockdill
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Warrier S, Merarchi M, Arfuso F, Kumar AP, Bishayee A. Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Cancer Properties of Diosgenin: A Comprehensive and Critical Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050645. [PMID: 29783752 PMCID: PMC5986524 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel and alternative options are being adopted to combat the initiation and progression of human cancers. One of the approaches is the use of molecules isolated from traditional medicinal herbs, edible dietary plants and seeds that play a pivotal role in the prevention/treatment of cancer, either alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic agents. Compounds that modulate these oncogenic processes are potential candidates for cancer therapy and may eventually make it to clinical applications. Diosgenin is a naturally occurring steroidal sapogenin and is one of the major bioactive compounds found in dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. In addition to being a lactation aid, diosgenin has been shown to be hypocholesterolemic, gastro- and hepato-protective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Diosgenin has a unique structural similarity to estrogen. Several preclinical studies have reported on the pro-apoptotic and anti-cancer properties of diosgenin against a variety of cancers, both in in vitro and in vivo. Diosgenin has also been reported to reverse multi-drug resistance in cancer cells and sensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. Remarkably, diosgenin has also been reported to be used by pharmaceutical companies to synthesize steroidal drugs. Several novel diosgenin analogs and nano-formulations have been synthesized with improved anti-cancer efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. In this review we discuss in detail the multifaceted anti-cancer properties of diosgenin that have found application in pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetic industries; and the various intracellular molecular targets modulated by diosgenin that abrogate the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sethi
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore 560065, India.
| | - Myriam Merarchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
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Moore AF, Newman DJ, Ranganathan S, Liu F. Imaginative Order from Reasonable Chaos: Conformation-Driven Activity and Reactivity in Exploring Protein–Ligand Interactions. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sir Derek Barton’s seminal work on steroid conformational analysis opened up a new era of enquiry into how the preferred conformation of any molecule could have profound effects on its physical–chemical properties and activities. Conformation-based effects on molecular activity and reactivity continue to manifest, with one key area of investigation currently focussed on conformational entropy in driving protein–ligand interactions. Carrying on from Barton’s initial insight on natural product conformational properties, new questions now address how conformational flexibility within a bioactive natural product structural framework (reasonable chaos), can be directed to confer dynamically new protein–ligand interactions beyond the basic lock–key model (imaginative order). Here we summarise our work on exploring conformational diversity from fluorinated natural product fragments, and how this approach of conformation-coupled diversity-oriented synthesis can be used to iteratively derive ligands with enhanced specificity against highly homologous protein domains. Our results demonstrate that the conformation entropic states of highly conserved protein domains differ significantly, and this conformational diversity, beyond primary sequence analysis, can be duly captured and exploited by natural-product derived ligands with complementary conformational dynamics for enhancing recognition specificity in drug lead discovery.
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