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Neganova ME, Aleksandrova YR, Sharova EV, Smirnova EV, Artyushin OI, Nikolaeva NS, Semakov AV, Schagina IA, Akylbekov N, Kurmanbayev R, Orynbekov D, Brel VK. Conjugates of 3,5-Bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone and Sesquiterpene Lactones Have an Antitumor Effect via Resetting the Metabolic Phenotype of Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2765. [PMID: 38930831 PMCID: PMC11207066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have often encountered the significance of the aberrant metabolism of tumor cells in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms. This phenomenon, known as the Warburg effect, provides a number of advantages in the survival of neoplastic cells, and its application is considered a potential strategy in the search for antitumor agents. With the aim of developing a promising platform for designing antitumor therapeutics, we synthesized a library of conjugates of 3,5-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone and sesquiterpene lactones. To gain insight into the determinants of the biological activity of the prepared compounds, we showed that the conjugates of 3,5-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone and sesquiterpene lactones, which are cytotoxic agents, demonstrate selective activity toward a number of tumor cell lines with glycolysis-inhibiting ability. Moreover, the results of molecular and in silico screening allowed us to identify these compounds as potential inhibitors of the pyruvate kinase M2 oncoprotein, which is the rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis. Thus, the results of our work indicate that the synthesized conjugates of 3,5-bis(arylidene)-4-piperidone and sesquiterpene lactones can be considered a promising platform for designing selective cytotoxic agents against the glycolysis process, which opens new possibilities for researchers involved in the search for antitumor therapeutics among compounds containing piperidone platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.E.N.); (Y.R.A.); (N.S.N.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.)
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
| | - Yu. R. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.E.N.); (Y.R.A.); (N.S.N.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.)
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
| | - E. V. Sharova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
| | - E. V. Smirnova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
| | - O. I. Artyushin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
| | - N. S. Nikolaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.E.N.); (Y.R.A.); (N.S.N.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.)
| | - A. V. Semakov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.E.N.); (Y.R.A.); (N.S.N.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.)
| | - I. A. Schagina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.E.N.); (Y.R.A.); (N.S.N.); (A.V.S.); (I.A.S.)
| | - N. Akylbekov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aiteke bi Str. 29A, 120014 Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.K.)
| | - R. Kurmanbayev
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aiteke bi Str. 29A, 120014 Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.K.)
| | - D. Orynbekov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aiteke bi Str. 29A, 120014 Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.K.)
| | - V. K. Brel
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.S.); (E.V.S.); (O.I.A.)
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Wang R, Gao C, Yu M, Song J, Feng Z, Wang R, Pan H, Liu H, Li W, Fan X. Mechanistic prediction and validation of Brevilin A Therapeutic effects in Lung Cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:214. [PMID: 38840248 PMCID: PMC11151568 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been found widespread application in neoplasm treatment, yielding promising therapeutic candidates. Previous studies have revealed the anti-cancer properties of Brevilin A, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone derived from Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. (C. minima), a TCM herb, specifically against lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of its effects remain elusive. This study employs network pharmacology and experimental analyses to unravel the molecular mechanisms of Brevilin A in lung cancer. METHODS The Batman-TCM, Swiss Target Prediction, Pharmmapper, SuperPred, and BindingDB databases were screened to identify Brevilin A targets. Lung cancer-related targets were sourced from GEO, Genecards, OMIM, TTD, and Drugbank databases. Utilizing Cytoscape software, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene-pathway correlation analysis were conducted using R software. To validate network pharmacology results, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vitro experiments were performed. RESULTS We identified 599 Brevilin A-associated targets and 3864 lung cancer-related targets, with 155 overlapping genes considered as candidate targets for Brevilin A against lung cancer. The PPI network highlighted STAT3, TNF, HIF1A, PTEN, ESR1, and MTOR as potential therapeutic targets. GO and KEGG analyses revealed 2893 enriched GO terms and 157 enriched KEGG pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. GSEA demonstrated a close association between hub genes and lung cancer. Gene-pathway correlation analysis indicated significant associations between hub genes and the cellular response to hypoxia pathway. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed Brevilin A's interaction with PTEN and HIF1A, respectively. In vitro experiments demonstrated Brevilin A-induced dose- and time-dependent cell death in A549 cells. Notably, Brevilin A treatment significantly reduced HIF-1α mRNA expression while increasing PTEN mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Brevilin A exerts anti-cancer effects in treating lung cancer through a multi-target and multi-pathway manner, with the HIF pathway potentially being involved. These results lay a theoretical foundation for the prospective clinical application of Brevilin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiyun Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jialing Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Ruyu Wang
- School of clinical medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haimeng Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiangzhen Fan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
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Bisht K, Verma VK, Abdullah Z, Prajapati V, Rajiv N, Bhatia J, Ray R, Nag TC, Arya DS. Arglabin: A mediator of inflammasome modulated and independent myocardial injury (PARA-AMI study). Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176465. [PMID: 38479722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arglabin is a plant alkaloid (sesquiterpene lactone) that is used as an anticancer drug. It has potential anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects. PURPOSE Arglabin has drawn particular attention because of its therapeutic effects as an anti-inflammatory agent in multiple diseases. Since arglabin inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, concerns for cardiotoxic effects are valid. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of arglabin on the myocardium. STUDY DESIGN This study was designed to evaluate the effect of arglabin on the myocardium in an experimental model of myocardial necrosis in rats. Different doses of arglabin (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/kg) were investigated as pre-treatment for 21 days in the isoproterenol (ISO) model of myocardial necrosis groups and per se groups. METHODS On the 22nd day, hemodynamic, histopathological, electron microscopy, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators, apoptotic markers, inflammasome mediators, and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of arglabin. RESULTS Arglabin pre-treatment showed improvement in hemodynamic parameters and histopathological findings at low doses in isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis model of rats. Arglabin administration altered myocardial structure and modulated myocardial function via activation of NFκB/MAPK pathway that led to myocardial injury with an increase in dose. CONCLUSION Arglabin imparted partial cardio-protection via an inflammasome-dependent pathway and mediated injury through the inflammasome-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Zia Abdullah
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narang Rajiv
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jagriti Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruma Ray
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dharamvir Singh Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Uddin J, Fatima M, Riaz A, Kamal GM, Muhsinah AB, Ahmed AR, Iftikhar R. Pharmacological potential of micheliolide: A focus on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27299. [PMID: 38496875 PMCID: PMC10944196 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Micheliolide (MCL) is a chief constituent of plants such as Magnolia grandiflora L., Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sarg. and Michelia champaca L. It is known to exhibit significant anticancer activity by various scientific investigations. This review aims to emphasize the anticancer and antiinflammatory activities of MCL. In this review, we summarized the published data in peer-reviewed manuscripts published in English. Our search was based on the following scientific search engines and databases: Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, and SciFinder, MCL possesses a broad spectrum of medicinal properties like other sesquiterpene lactones. The anticancer activity of this compound may be attributed to the modulation of several signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways). It also induces apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle at the G1/G0 phase, S phase, and G2/M phase in many cancer cell lines. Very little data is available on its modulatory action on other signaling cascades like MAPK, STAT3, Wnt, TGFβ, Notch, EGFR, etc. This compound can be potentiated as a novel anticancer drug after thorough investigations in vitro, in vivo, and in silico-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehwish Fatima
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Riaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Razzaq Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramsha Iftikhar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, 2033, Sydney, Australia
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Chen T, Chen X, Liu L, Zhang Q, Ding Y. Synthesis of melampomagnolide B derivatives as potential anti-Triple Negative Breast Cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116024. [PMID: 38104376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant and aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Currently, the treatment options to TNBC are limited and the discovery of new drugs and novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of TNBC is urgently needed. In this study, a series of melampomagnolide B (MMB) derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-TNBC activities. Compound 7 and 13a showed highly potent activity against different TNBC cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.37 μM to 1.52 μM, which demonstrated 3.6- to 54-fold improvement comparing to the parent compound MMB. The phenotypic effect revealed that compound 7 and 13a could inhibit metastasis, induce apoptosis and arrest cell cycle distribution of TNBC cells. Furthermore, the mechanism research indicated compounds 7 and 13a bound IKKβ and inhibited the IKKβ-mediated phosphorylation of IκB and p65, then inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 and eventually regulated the genes related to metastasis, apoptosis and cell cycle under NF-κB control. Moreover, compound 7 inhibited the tumor growth in vivo, and the weights of spleens and livers were also reduced compared with control group which indicated that compound 7 could inhibit metastasis of TNBC in vivo. These findings indicate that compound 7 may be used as a promising lead compound for ultimate discovery of anti-TNBC drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yahui Ding
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Cao F, Chu C, Qin JJ, Guan X. Research progress on antitumor mechanisms and molecular targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones. Chin Med 2023; 18:164. [PMID: 38111074 PMCID: PMC10726648 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of natural product therapy have received sigificant attention, among which terpenoids such as sesquiterpene lactones stand out due to their biological activity and pharmacological potential as anti-tumor drugs. Inula sesquiterpene lactones are a kind of sesquiterpene lactones extracted from Inula species. They have many pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-asthma, anti-tumor, neuroprotective and anti-allergic. In recent years, more and more studies have proved that they are important candidate drugs for the treatment of a variety of cancers because of its good anti-tumor activity. In this paper, the structure, structure-activity relationship, antitumor activities, mechanisms and targets of Inula sesquiterpene lactones reported in recent years were reviewed in order to provide clues for the development of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Murillo-Pineda M, Coto-Cid JM, Romero M, Zorrilla JG, Chinchilla N, Medina-Calzada Z, Varela RM, Juárez-Soto Á, Macías FA, Reales E. Effects of Sesquiterpene Lactones on Primary Cilia Formation (Ciliogenesis). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:632. [PMID: 37999495 PMCID: PMC10675014 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), plant-derived metabolites with broad spectra of biological effects, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, hold promise for drug development. Primary cilia, organelles extending from cell surfaces, are crucial for sensing and transducing extracellular signals essential for cell differentiation and proliferation. Their life cycle is linked to the cell cycle, as cilia assemble in non-dividing cells of G0/G1 phases and disassemble before entering mitosis. Abnormalities in both primary cilia (non-motile cilia) and motile cilia structure or function are associated with developmental disorders (ciliopathies), heart disease, and cancer. However, the impact of SLs on primary cilia remains unknown. This study evaluated the effects of selected SLs (grosheimin, costunolide, and three cyclocostunolides) on primary cilia biogenesis and stability in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to analyze the effects on primary cilia formation (ciliogenesis), primary cilia length, and stability. The effects on cell proliferation were evaluated by flow cytometry. All SLs disrupted primary cilia formation in the early stages of ciliogenesis, irrespective of starvation conditions or cytochalasin-D treatment, with no effect on cilia length or cell cycle progression. Interestingly, grosheimin stabilized and promoted primary cilia formation under cilia homeostasis and elongation treatment conditions. Thus, SLs have potential as novel drugs for ciliopathies and tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Murillo-Pineda
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Juan M. Coto-Cid
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María Romero
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Jesús G. Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Nuria Chinchilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Zahara Medina-Calzada
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Álvaro Juárez-Soto
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Elena Reales
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Jerez, Spain; (M.M.-P.); (M.R.); (Z.M.-C.); (Á.J.-S.)
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (J.G.Z.); (N.C.); (R.M.V.)
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