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Warneke K, Freundorfer P, Plöschberger G, Behm DG, Konrad A, Schmidt T. Effects of chronic static stretching interventions on jumping and sprinting performance-a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372689. [PMID: 38595642 PMCID: PMC11002243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
When improving athletic performance in sports with high-speed strength demands such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, the most common training method might be resistance training and plyometrics. Since a link between strength capacity and speed strength exists and recently published literature suggested chronic stretching routines may enhance maximum strength and hypertrophy, this review was performed to explore potential benefits on athletic performance. Based on current literature, a beneficial effect of static stretching on jumping and sprinting performance was hypothesized. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google scholar. In general, 14 studies revealed 29 effect sizes (ES) (20 for jumping, nine for sprinting). Subgroup analyses for jump performance were conducted for short- long- and no stretch shortening cycle trials. Qualitative evaluation was supplemented by performing a multilevel meta-analysis via R (Package: metafor). Significant positive results were documented in six out of 20 jump tests and in six out of nine sprint tests, while two studies reported negative adaptations. Quantitative data analyses indicated a positive but trivial magnitude of change on jumping performance (ES:0.16, p = 0.04), while all subgroup analyses did not support a positive effect (p = 0.09-0.44). No significant influence of static stretching on sprint performance was obtained (p = 0.08). Stretching does not seem to induce a sufficient stimulus to meaningfully enhance jumping and sprinting performance, which could possibly attributed to small weekly training volumes or lack of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Freundorfer
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Asimakidis ND, Bishop CJ, Beato M, Mukandi IN, Kelly AL, Weldon A, Turner AN. A survey into the current fitness testing practices of elite male soccer practitioners: from assessment to communicating results. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1376047. [PMID: 38567112 PMCID: PMC10985349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1376047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study provides insight into the current fitness testing practices in elite male soccer. One hundred and two practitioners from professional soccer leagues across 24 countries completed an online survey comprising 29 questions, with five sections: a) background information, b) testing selection, c) testing implementation, d) data analysis, and e) data reporting. Frequency analysis was used to evaluate the responses to fixed response questions and thematic analysis was used for open-ended questions to generate clear and distinct themes. Strength (85%) and aerobic capacity (82%) represent the most frequently assessed physical qualities. Scientific literature (80%) is the most influential factor in testing selection and practitioners conduct fitness testing less frequently than their perceived ideal frequency per season (3.6 ± 2 vs. 4.5 ± 2). Time and competitive schedule were the greatest barriers to fitness testing administration. Practitioners mostly used a 'hybrid' approach (45%) to fitness testing, blending 'traditional' (i.e., a day dedicated to testing) and 'integrated' (i.e., testing within regular training sessions) methods. Microsoft Excel is the most used software for data analysis (95%) and visualization (79%). An equal use of the combination of best and mean scores of multiple trials (44%) and the best score (42%) was reported. Comparing a player's test performance with previous scores (89%) was the most common method for interpreting test results. However, only 38% considered measurement error. Digital displays and verbal feedback are the most common data reporting methods, with different data reporting processes for coaches and players. Practitioners can use data and findings from this study to inform their current testing practices and researchers to further identify areas for investigation, with the overarching aim of developing the field of fitness testing in elite male soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Irvin N. Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony N. Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Mattiussi AM, Shaw JW, Price P, Brown DD, Cohen DD, Lineham J, Pedlar CR, Tallent J, Atack AC. Reliability of ankle mechanics during jump landings in turned-out and parallel foot positions in professional ballet dancers. J Biomech 2023; 156:111662. [PMID: 37300978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the within- and between-session reliability of ankle mechanics and vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) during jump landings in turned-out and parallel foot positions in professional ballet dancers. Twenty-four professional ballet dancers (men = 13, women = 11) attended two data collection sessions where they completed five maximal countermovement jumps in each foot position. The ankle joint mechanics and vGRF of the right limb were recorded via a seven-camera motion capture system and one force platform. Within- and between-session intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV), standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change were calculated for three-dimensional ankle excursion, peak ankle angle, ankle joint velocity, moment, and power, as well as peak landing vGRF, time to peak landing vGRF, loading rate, and jump height. Across both foot positions, within- (ICC: 0.17-0.96; CV: 1.4-82.3%) and between-session (ICC: 0.02-0.98; CV:1.3-57.1%) reliability ranged from poor to excellent, with ankle excursion, peak ankle angle, and jump height demonstrating the greatest ICC values (ICC: 0.65-0.96; CV: 1.4-57%). Jump landings in a turned-out foot position demonstrated better within-session reliability compared to a parallel position, however, no difference in between-session reliability across the foot positions was observed. Most ankle mechanics provide adequate between-session, but not within-session, reliability during jump landings in professional ballet dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Mattiussi
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK; Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, UK.
| | - Joseph W Shaw
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK; Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, UK. https://twitter.com/@josephshaw
| | - Phil Price
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK. https://twitter.com/@thepricep
| | - Derrick D Brown
- Institute of Sport Science, Dance Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. https://twitter.com/@ddbrown__
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. https://twitter.com/@danielcohen1971
| | - Jack Lineham
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK. https://twitter.com/@pedlarcr
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. https://twitter.com/@jamietallent
| | - Alexandra C Atack
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK. https://twitter.com/@a_atack2
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Filter A, Olivares-Jabalera J, Dos'Santos T, Madruga M, Lozano J, Molina A, Santalla A, Requena B, Loturco I. High-intensity Actions in Elite Soccer: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 37130547 DOI: 10.1055/a-2013-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, soccer has become more physically demanding; the number and frequency of high-intensity actions have increased, and these activities are decisive in determining the match outcome. Importantly, the reductionist approach commonly used to analyze high-intensity actions does not contemplate a more contextualized perspective on soccer performance. Traditionally, most investigations have only provided quantitative data regarding sprints (i. e. time, distances, frequency) without examining "how" (e. g. type of trajectory or starting position) and "why" (e. g. tactical role) soccer players sprint. In fact, other high-intensity actions, apart from running, are not even mentioned (i. e. curve sprints, change of direction, and specific-jump tasks). This has led to the use of tests and interventions that do not accurately reflect real game actions. Given the true technical-tactical-physical demands of each playing position, this narrative review collected a wide-spectrum of current soccer-related articles and provided a discussion regarding high-intensity actions, with a positional-based approach. In this narrative review, practitioners are encouraged to contemplate and consider the different elements that characterize high-intensity actions in soccer, in order to assess and train soccer players under a more sport-specific and integrative perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Filter
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares-Jabalera
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Marc Madruga
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Area, Barcelona Football Club, Barcelona, Spain
- Return to Play and Sports Training Center, reQ, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Molina
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Campus Universitario, University of San Jorge Faculty of Health Sciences, Villanueva de Gallego, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- FSI Lab, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Fílter A, Olivares J, Molina A, Morente-Sánchez J, Robles J, Nakamura FY, Santalla A, Loturco I, Requena B. Reliability and usefulness of maximum soccer-specific jump test: a valid and cost-effective system to measure on soccer field. Sports Biomech 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35001857 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2024244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (a) to assess intra-session reliability and usefulness of the soccer-specific maximum vertical jump (heading test, HT) and (b) to analyse the validity of the easy-to-use and cost-effective instrument (smartphone camera, MOB) compared with gold-standard instrument (3D motion capture system, MOCAP) to obtain the vertical jump performance during HT. Twelve semi-professional high-level and fifteen amateur soccer male players (23.9 ± 3.6 years) performed three HT attempts, and kinematic data were recorded with MOB and MOCAP. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used as measures of intra-session reliability. T-test with Cohen's effect size (ES), Pearson's product moment and Bland-Altman analysis were used to obtain MOB validity. Regarding intra-session reliability, the CV was 1.13%, and ICC was 0.98, considered acceptable. Respecting validity criteria did not reveal significant differences (p < 0.05; effect size = 0.06, considered trivial), 'almost perfect' correlation (Pearson) (r = 0.98; p < 0.05), and strong agreement were obtained between MOB and MOCAP. This finding showed a test (HT) with a specific character, using cost-effective instrument and applicable to all soccer fields (adjusted to the standardised lines in the soccer field), all of them backed-up by reliability, usefulness and validity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fílter
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Robles
- Faculty of Sport, Psychology and Sports Science, University of Huelva (UHU), Huelva, Spain
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Sport Research Lab, Football Science Institute - FSI®, Granada, Spain
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Fílter A, Olivares Jabalera J, Molina-Molina A, Suárez-Arrones L, Robles-Rodríguez J, Dos’Santos T, Loturco I, Requena B, Santalla A. Effect of ball inclusion on jump performance in soccer players: a biomechanical approach. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:241-247. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1915495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fílter
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo De Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares Jabalera
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina-Molina
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- San Jorge University, Campus Universitario, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo De Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- San Jorge University, Campus Universitario, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Dos’Santos
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Musculoskeletal Science and sports medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd Wales, UK
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Alfredo Santalla
- FSI Sport Research Lab, Granada, Spain
- Research Group Physical Activity, Health and Sport CTS-948, Pablo De Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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McGhie D, Østerås S, Ettema G, Paulsen G, Sandbakk Ø. Strength Determinants of Jump Height in the Jump Throw Movement in Women Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:2937-2946. [PMID: 29889774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McGhie, D, Østerås, S, Ettema, G, Paulsen, G, and Sandbakk, Ø. Strength determinants of jump height in the jump throw movement in women handball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2937-2946, 2020-The purpose of the study was to improve the understanding of the strength demands of a handball-specific jump through examining the associations between jump height in a jump throw jump (JTJ) and measures of lower-body maximum strength and impulse in handball players. For comparison, whether the associations between jump height and strength differed between the JTJ and the customarily used countermovement jump (CMJ) was also examined. Twenty women handball players from a Norwegian top division club participated in the study. Jump height was measured in the JTJ and in unilateral and bilateral CMJ. Lower-body strength (maximum isometric force, one-repetition maximum [1RM], impulse at ∼60% and ∼35% 1RM) was measured in seated leg press. The associations between jump height and strength were assessed with correlation analyses and t-tests of dependent r's were performed to determine if correlations differed between jump tests. Only impulse at ∼35% 1RM correlated significantly with JTJ height (p < 0.05), whereas all strength measures correlated significantly with CMJ heights (p < 0.001). The associations between jump height and strength were significantly weaker in the JTJ than in both CMJ tests for all strength measures (p = 0.001-0.044) except one. Maximum strength and impulse at ∼60% 1RM did not seem to sufficiently capture the capabilities associated with JTJ height, highlighting the importance of employing tests targeting performance-relevant neuromuscular characteristics when assessing jump-related strength in handball players. Further, CMJ height seemed to represent a wider range of strength capabilities and care should be taken when using it as a proxy for handball-specific movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McGhie
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Sindre Østerås
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; and
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Trends Supporting the In-Field Use of Wearable Inertial Sensors for Sport Performance Evaluation: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030873. [PMID: 29543747 PMCID: PMC5877384 DOI: 10.3390/s18030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological developments have led to the production of inexpensive, non-invasive, miniature magneto-inertial sensors, ideal for obtaining sport performance measures during training or competition. This systematic review evaluates current evidence and the future potential of their use in sport performance evaluation. Articles published in English (April 2017) were searched in Web-of-Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and Sport-Discus databases. A keyword search of titles, abstracts and keywords which included studies using accelerometers, gyroscopes and/or magnetometers to analyse sport motor-tasks performed by athletes (excluding risk of injury, physical activity, and energy expenditure) resulted in 2040 papers. Papers and reference list screening led to the selection of 286 studies and 23 reviews. Information on sport, motor-tasks, participants, device characteristics, sensor position and fixing, experimental setting and performance indicators was extracted. The selected papers dealt with motor capacity assessment (51 papers), technique analysis (163), activity classification (19), and physical demands assessment (61). Focus was placed mainly on elite and sub-elite athletes (59%) performing their sport in-field during training (62%) and competition (7%). Measuring movement outdoors created opportunities in winter sports (8%), water sports (16%), team sports (25%), and other outdoor activities (27%). Indications on the reliability of sensor-based performance indicators are provided, together with critical considerations and future trends.
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Differences and Trial-to-Trial Reliability of Vertical Jump Heights Assessed by Ultrasonic System, Force-Plate, and High-Speed Video Analyses. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Mora-Custodio R, Franco-Márquez F, Yáñez-García JM, González-Badillo JJ. Traditional vs. Sport-Specific Vertical Jump Tests: Reliability, Validity, and Relationship With the Legs Strength and Sprint Performance in Adult and Teen Soccer and Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:196-206. [PMID: 27172267 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Mora-Custodio, R, Franco-Márquez, F, Yáñez-García, JM, González-Badillo, JJ. Traditional vs. sport-specific vertical jump tests: reliability, validity, and relationship with the legs strength and sprint performance in adult and teen soccer and basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 196-206, 2017-The vertical jump is considered an essential motor skill in many team sports. Many protocols have been used to assess vertical jump ability. However, controversy regarding test selection still exists based on the reliability and specificity of the tests. The main aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity of 2 standardized (countermovement jump [CMJ] and Abalakov jump [AJ]) and 2 sport-specific (run-up with 2 [2-LEGS] or 1 leg [1-LEG] take-off jump) vertical jump tests, and their usefulness as predictors of sprint and strength performance for soccer (n = 127) and basketball (n = 59) players in 3 different categories (Under-15, Under-18, and Adults). Three attempts for each of the 4 jump tests were recorded. Twenty-meter sprint time and estimated 1 repetition maximum in full squat were also evaluated. All jump tests showed high intraclass correlation coefficients (0.969-0.995) and low coefficients of variation (1.54-4.82%), although 1-LEG was the jump test with the lowest absolute and relative reliability. All selected jump tests were significantly correlated (r = 0.580-0.983). Factor analysis resulted in the extraction of one principal component, which explained 82.90-95.79% of the variance of all jump tests. The 1-LEG test showed the lowest associations with sprint and strength performance. The results of this study suggest that CMJ and AJ are the most reliable tests for the estimation of explosive force in soccer and basketball players in different age categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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