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Dent JR, Stocks B, Campelj DG, Philp A. Transient changes to metabolic homeostasis initiate mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:3-16. [PMID: 35351374 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is well established to increase mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, a process termed mitochondrial biogenesis. Current understanding is that exercise initiates skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling via modulation of cellular nutrient, energetic and contractile stress pathways. These subtle changes in the cellular milieu are sensed by numerous transduction pathways that serve to initiate and coordinate an increase in mitochondrial gene transcription and translation. The result of these acute signaling events is the promotion of growth and assembly of mitochondria, coupled to a greater capacity for aerobic ATP provision in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review is to highlight the acute metabolic events induced by endurance exercise and the subsequent molecular pathways that sense this transient change in cellular homeostasis to drive mitochondrial adaptation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Dent
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean G Campelj
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Bagley JR, Burghardt KJ, McManus R, Howlett B, Costa PB, Coburn JW, Arevalo JA, Malek MH, Galpin AJ. Epigenetic Responses to Acute Resistance Exercise in Trained vs. Sedentary Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1574-1580. [PMID: 32459413 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bagley, JR, Burghardt, KJ, McManus, R, Howlett, B, Costa, PB, Coburn, JW, Arevalo, JA, Malek, MH, and Galpin, AJ. Epigenetic responses to acute resistance exercise in trained vs. sedentary men. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1574-1580, 2020-Acute resistance exercise (RE) alters DNA methylation, an epigenetic process that influences gene expression and regulates skeletal muscle adaptation. This aspect of cellular remodeling is poorly understood, especially in resistance-trained (RT) individuals. The study purpose was to examine DNA methylation in response to acute RE in RT and sedentary (SED) young men, specifically targeting genes responsible for metabolic, inflammatory, and hypertrophic muscle adaptations. Vastus lateralis biopsies were performed before (baseline), 30 minutes after, and 4 hours after an acute RE bout (3 × 10 repetitions at 70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM] leg press and leg extension) in 11 RT (mean ± SEM: age = 26.1 ± 1.0 years; body mass = 84.3 ± 0.2 kg; leg press 1RM = 412.6 ± 25.9 kg) and 8 SED (age = 22.9 ± 1.1 years; body mass = 75.6 ± 0.3 kg; leg press 1RM = 164.8 ± 22.5 kg) men. DNA methylation was analyzed through methylation sensitive high-resolution melting using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Separate 2 (group) × 3 (time) repeated-measures analyses of variance and analyses of covariance were performed to examine changes in DNA methylation for each target gene. Results showed that acute RE (a) hypomethylated LINE-1 (measure of global methylation) in RT but not SED, (b) hypermethylated metabolic genes (GPAM and SREBF2) in RT, while lowering SREBF2 methylation in SED, and (c) did not affect methylation of genes associated with inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α) or hypertrophy (mTOR and AKT1). However, basal IL-6 and TNF-α were lower in SED compared with RT. These findings indicate the same RE stimulus can illicit different epigenetic responses in RT vs. SED men and provides a molecular mechanism underpinning the need for differential training stimuli based on subject training backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bagley
- Department of Kinesiology, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Kyle J Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ryan McManus
- Department of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
| | - Bradley Howlett
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo B Costa
- Department of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
| | - Jared W Coburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Department of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
| | - Moh H Malek
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Galpin
- Department of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California; and
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Nicoll JX, Fry AC, Mosier EM, Olsen LA, Sontag SA. MAPK, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation following high-frequency resistance exercise non-functional overreaching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2237-2253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Di Meo S, Napolitano G, Venditti P. Mediators of Physical Activity Protection against ROS-Linked Skeletal Muscle Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3024. [PMID: 31226872 PMCID: PMC6627449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed and/or exhaustive exercise generates excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species leading to muscle oxidative stress-related damage and impaired contractility. Conversely, a moderate level of free radicals induces the body's adaptive responses. Thus, a low oxidant level in resting muscle is essential for normal force production, and the production of oxidants during each session of physical training increases the body's antioxidant defenses. Mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidases have been identified as sources of free radicals during muscle contraction, but the exact mechanisms underlying exercise-induced harmful or beneficial effects yet remain elusive. However, it is clear that redox signaling influences numerous transcriptional activators, which regulate the expression of genes involved in changes in muscle phenotype. The mitogen-activated protein kinase family is one of the main links between cellular oxidant levels and skeletal muscle adaptation. The family components phosphorylate and modulate the activities of hundreds of substrates, including transcription factors involved in cell response to oxidative stress elicited by exercise in skeletal muscle. To elucidate the complex role of ROS in exercise, here we reviewed the literature dealing on sources of ROS production and concerning the most important redox signaling pathways, including MAPKs that are involved in the responses to acute and chronic exercise in the muscle, particularly those involved in the induction of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, via Acton n. 38-I-80133 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Olsen LA, Nicoll JX, Fry AC. The skeletal muscle fiber: a mechanically sensitive cell. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:333-349. [PMID: 30612167 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of skeletal muscle, whether an increase in size, change in metabolism, or alteration in structural properties, is in a continuous state of flux largely dependent upon physical activity. Much of the past research has expounded upon these ever-changing aspects of the muscle fiber following exercise. Specifically, endocrine and paracrine signaling have been heavily investigated lending to much of the past literature comprised of such endocrinological dynamics following muscle activity. Mechanotransduction, the ability of a cell to convert a mechanical stimulus into an intracellular biochemical response, has garnered much less attention. Recent work, however, has demonstrated the physical continuity of the muscle fiber, specifically demonstrating a continuous physical link between the extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoskeleton, and nuclear matrix as a means to rapidly regulate gene expression following a mechanical stimulus. Similarly, research has shown mechanical stimuli to directly influence cytoplasmic signaling whether through oxidative adaptations, increased muscle size, or enhanced muscle integrity. Regrettably, minimal research has investigated the role that exercise may play within the mechanotransducing signaling cascades. This proposed line of study may prove paramount as muscle-related diseases greatly impact one's ability to lead an independent lifestyle along with contributing a substantial burden upon the economy. Thus, this review explores both biophysical and biochemical mechanotransduction, and how these signaling pathways may be influenced following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Olsen
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Justin X Nicoll
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8287, USA
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Nicoll JX, Fry AC, Mosier EM. Sex-based differences in resting MAPK, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Steroids 2019; 141:23-29. [PMID: 30414425 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if there is differential expression and phosphorylation of the androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in skeletal muscle at rest between males and females. METHODS Ten college-aged males (mean ± SD; age = 22 ± 2.4 yrs, ht = 175 ± 7 cm, body mass = 84.1 ± 11.8 kg) and ten females (mean ± SD; age = 20 ± 0.9 yrs; ht = 169 ± 7 cm; body mass = 67.1 ± 8.7 kg) reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast. Resting muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for total and phosphorylated GR (ser134, ser211, and ser226), total and phosphorylated AR (ser81, ser213, ser515, ser650), and total and phosphorylated MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38) via western blotting. A phosphorylation index (PI) was calculated to determine phosphorylated receptor expression after accounting for differences in total receptor content. RESULTS Males had more total AR compared to females (+42 ± 4%; p < 0.001). Females had higher phosphorylation of ARser81 (+87 ± 11%; p = 0.001) and ser515 (+55 ± 13%; p = 0.019). However, when the phosphorylated ratios were corrected for differences in total AR expression (i.e. our PI), the overall phosphorylation at these sites were similar between sexes (ser515, males = 100% vs females 92%; ser81, males = 100% vs females = 107%). pGRser134 was higher in males compared to females (+50 ± 15%; p = 0.016). Phospho-p38 was higher in females compared to males (+5050 ± 16%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION At rest, ARs and GRs are differentially phosphorylated at some, but not all sites when comparing males and females. Differential regulation of phosphorylated AR, GR, and p38 between males and females may have implications for the degree of muscle adaptations observed following resistance or endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin X Nicoll
- California State University Northridge, Department of Kinesiology, Northridge, CA, United States.
| | - Andrew C Fry
- University of Kansas, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence 66045, KS, United States.
| | - Eric M Mosier
- Northwest Missouri State University, School of Health Science and Wellness, Maryville 64468, MO, United States.
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