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Santos PDG, Vaz JR, Correia J, Neto T, Pezarat-Correia P. Long-Term Neurophysiological Adaptations to Strength Training: A Systematic Review With Cross-Sectional Studies. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2091-2105. [PMID: 37369087 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos, PDG, Vaz, JR, Correia, J, Neto, T, and Pezarat-Correia, P. Long-term neurophysiological adaptations to strength training: a systematic review with cross-sectional studies. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2091-2105, 2023-Neuromuscular adaptations to strength training are an extensively studied topic in sports sciences. However, there is scarce information about how neural mechanisms during force production differ between trained and untrained individuals. The purpose of this systematic review is to better understand the differences between highly trained and untrained individuals to establish the long-term neural adaptations to strength training. Three databases were used for the article search (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Studies were included if they compared groups of resistance-trained with untrained people, aged 18-40 year, and acquired electromyography (EMG) signals during strength tasks. Twenty articles met the eligibility criteria. Generally, strength-trained individuals produced greater maximal voluntary activation, while reducing muscle activity in submaximal tasks, which may affect the acute response to strength training. These individuals also presented lower co-contraction of the antagonist muscles, although it depends on the specific training background. Global intermuscular coordination may be another important mechanism of adaptation in response to long-term strength training; however, further research is necessary to understand how it develops over time. Although these results should be carefully interpreted because of the great disparity of analyzed variables and methods of EMG processing, chronic neural adaptations seem to be decisive to greater force production. It is crucial to know the timings at which these adaptations stagnate and need to be stimulated with advanced training methods. Thus, training programs should be adapted to training status because the same stimulus in different training stages will lead to different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo D G Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; and
| | - Joana Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Neto
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
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Woodhead A, North JS, Hill J, Murphy CP, Kidgell DJ, Tallent J. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations following lower limb motor skill training: a meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:807-824. [PMID: 36740653 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motor skill training alters the human nervous system; however, lower limb motor tasks have been less researched compared to upper limb tasks. This meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis aimed to determine the cortical and subcortical responses that occur following lower limb motor skill training, and whether these responses are accompanied by improvements in motor performance. Following a literature search that adhered to the PRISMA guidelines, data were extracted and analysed from six studies (n = 172) for the meta-analysis, and 11 studies (n = 257) were assessed for the best evidence synthesis. Pooled data indicated that lower limb motor skill training increased motor performance, with a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 1.09 being observed. However, lower limb motor skill training had no effect on corticospinal excitability (CSE), Hoffmann's reflex (H-reflex) or muscle compound action potential (MMAX) amplitude. The best evidence synthesis found strong evidence for improved motor performance and reduced short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) following lower limb motor skill training, with conflicting evidence towards the modulation of CSE. Taken together, this review highlights the need for further investigation on how motor skill training performed with the lower limb musculature can modulate corticospinal responses. This will also help us to better understand whether these neuronal measures are underpinning mechanisms that support an improvement in motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Jamie S North
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Colm P Murphy
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.,School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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Pascual-Valdunciel A, Kurukuti NM, Montero-Pardo C, Barroso FO, Pons JL. Modulation of spinal circuits following phase-dependent electrical stimulation of afferent pathways. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36603216 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) of afferent pathways is a tool commonly used to induce neural adaptations in some neural disorders such as pathological tremor or stroke. However, the neuromodulatory effects of stimulation interventions synchronized with physiological activity (closed-loop strategies) have been scarcely researched in the upper-limb. Here, the short-term spinal effects of a 20-minute stimulation protocol where afferent pathways were stimulated with a closed-loop strategy named selective and adaptive timely stimulation (SATS) were explored in 11 healthy subjects.Approach. SATS was applied to the radial nerve in-phase (INP) or out-of-phase (OOP) with respect to the muscle activity of the extensor carpi radialis (ECR). The neural adaptations at the spinal cord level were assessed for the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) by measuring disynaptic Group I inhibition, Ia presynaptic inhibition, Ib facilitation from the H-reflex and estimation of the neural drive before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the intervention.Main results.SATS strategy delivered electrical stimulation synchronized with the real-time muscle activity measured, with an average delay of 17 ± 8 ms. SATS-INP induced increased disynaptic Group I inhibition (77 ± 23% of baseline conditioned FCR H-reflex), while SATS-OOP elicited the opposite effect (125 ± 46% of baseline conditioned FCR H-reflex). Some of the subjects maintained the changes after 30 minutes. No other significant changes were found for the rest of measurements.Significance.These results suggest that the short-term modulatory effects of phase-dependent PES occur at specific targeted spinal pathways for the wrist muscles in healthy individuals. Importantly, timely recruitment of afferent pathways synchronized with specific muscle activity is a fundamental principle that shall be considered when tailoring PES protocols to modulate specific neural circuits. (NCT number 04501133).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Valdunciel
- Legs & Walking AbilityLab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America.,Department of PM&R, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America.,Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nish Mohith Kurukuti
- Legs & Walking AbilityLab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Cristina Montero-Pardo
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipe Oliveira Barroso
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pons
- Legs & Walking AbilityLab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America.,Department of PM&R, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Pagnon D, Faity G, Maldonado G, Daout Y, Grosprêtre S. What Makes Parkour Unique? A Narrative Review Across Miscellaneous Academic Fields. Sports Med 2022; 52:1029-1042. [PMID: 35089536 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkour is a growing sport that mostly involves jumping, vaulting over obstacles, and climbing in a non-dedicated setting. The authors gathered all known relevant literature across miscellaneous academic fields in order to define parkour with regard to other sports disciplines. Parkour is a lifestyle sport, and as such provides an alternative to mainstream sports, away from strict rules, standardized settings, and necessary competitions. Traceurs (parkour adepts) consider the city as a playground and as an outlet for their creativity, but they also have a strong taste for hard and individualized challenges. They usually train on non-specific structures, at ground level. Although their social background is not clear, they are mostly young and male. Traceurs are stronger than recreational athletes, especially in eccentric exercises. However, their endurance skills may be below average. One of the core specificities of parkour is its precision constraint at landing, which turns a standing long jump into a precision jump, regulated in flight so as to prepare for landing. The running precision jump follows the same landing pattern, and its flight phase contrasts with long jump techniques. Injuries, which are not more frequent than in other sports, often occur at landing and to lower limb extremities. This risk is mitigated by targeting the landing area with the forefoot instead of letting the heel hit the ground like in gymnastics, or with rolling in order to dissipate the impact. Overall, parkour focuses on adaptability to new environments, which leads to specific techniques that have not yet been extensively addressed by the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pagnon
- Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, 700 Av. Centrale, 38400, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France.
- PRESS (Pôle de Ressources et d'Expertise Sportive et Scientifique), Fédération de Parkour, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Germain Faity
- PRESS (Pôle de Ressources et d'Expertise Sportive et Scientifique), Fédération de Parkour, Strasbourg, France
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Galo Maldonado
- PRESS (Pôle de Ressources et d'Expertise Sportive et Scientifique), Fédération de Parkour, Strasbourg, France
- Arts Et Métiers ParisTech/Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - Yann Daout
- PRESS (Pôle de Ressources et d'Expertise Sportive et Scientifique), Fédération de Parkour, Strasbourg, France
- , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- PRESS (Pôle de Ressources et d'Expertise Sportive et Scientifique), Fédération de Parkour, Strasbourg, France
- EA4660, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the psychomotor, cognitive, and motor performances of power athletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9731. [PMID: 33958679 PMCID: PMC8102586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports science, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has many unknown effects on neuromuscular, psychomotor and cognitive aspects. Particularly, its impact on power performances remains poorly investigated. Eighteen healthy young males, all trained in a jumping sport (parkour) performed three experimental sessions: anodal tDCS applied either on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, cathode in supraorbital area) or on the primary motor cortex (M1, cathode on contralateral shoulder), and a placebo condition (SHAM), each applied for 20 min at 2 mA. Pre and post, maximal vertical and horizontal jumps were performed, associated to leg neuromuscular assessment through electromyography and peripheral nerve stimulations. Actual and imagined pointing tasks were also performed to evaluate fine motor skills, and a full battery of cognitive and psychomotor tests was administered. M1 tDCS improved jump performance accompanied by an increase in supraspinal and spinal excitabilities. dlPFC stimulation only impacted the pointing tasks. No effect on cognitive tests was found for any of the tDCS conditions. To conclude, the type of performance (maximal versus accurate) affected depended upon the tDCS montage. Finally, athletes responded well to tDCS for motor performance while results to cognitive tests seemed unaffected, at least when implemented with the present rationale.
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