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Henderson MJ, Grandou C, Chrismas BCR, Coutts AJ, Impellizzeri FM, Taylor L. Core Body Temperatures in Intermittent Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2147-2170. [PMID: 37526813 PMCID: PMC10587327 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia (and associated health and performance implications) can be a significant problem for athletes and teams involved in intermittent sports. Quantifying the highest thermal strain (i.e. peak core body temperature [peak Tc]) from a range of intermittent sports would enhance our understanding of the thermal requirements of sport and assist in making informed decisions about training or match-day interventions to reduce thermally induced harm and/or performance decline. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to synthesise and characterise the available thermal strain data collected in competition from intermittent sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed on Web of Science, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus to identify studies up to 17 April 2023. Electronic databases were searched using a text mining method to provide a partially automated and systematic search strategy retrieving terms related to core body temperature measurement and intermittent sport. Records were eligible if they included core body temperature measurement during competition, without experimental intervention that may influence thermal strain (e.g. cooling), in healthy, adult, intermittent sport athletes at any level. Due to the lack of an available tool that specifically includes potential sources of bias for physiological responses in descriptive studies, a methodological evaluation checklist was developed and used to document important methodological considerations. Data were not meta-analysed given the methodological heterogeneity between studies and therefore were presented descriptively in tabular and graphical format. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were selected for review; 27 were observational, 5 were experimental (2 parallel group and 3 repeated measures randomised controlled trials), and 2 were quasi-experimental (1 parallel group and 1 repeated measures non-randomised controlled trial). Across all included studies, 386 participants (plus participant numbers not reported in two studies) were recruited after accounting for shared data between studies. A total of 4 studies (~ 12%) found no evidence of hyperthermia, 24 (~ 71%) found evidence of 'modest' hyperthermia (peak Tc between 38.5 and 39.5 °C), and 6 (~ 18%) found evidence of 'marked' hyperthermia (peak Tc of 39.5 °C or greater) during intermittent sports competition. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners and coaches supporting intermittent sport athletes are justified to seek interventions aimed at mitigating the high heat strain observed in competition. More research is required to determine the most effective interventions for this population that are practically viable in intermittent sports settings (often constrained by many competing demands). Greater statistical power and homogeneity among studies are required to quantify the independent effects of wet bulb globe temperature, competition duration, sport and level of competition on peak Tc, all of which are likely to be key modulators of the thermal strain experienced by competing athletes. REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/vfb4s ; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EZYFA , 4 January 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Henderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Clementine Grandou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Numata U, Yanaoka T, Kurosaka S, Hasegawa H. Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial. J Physiol Anthropol 2023; 42:12. [PMID: 37386617 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·kg-1 of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·kg-1 of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [- 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). RESULTS Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. CONCLUSIONS Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Numata
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan
| | - Takuma Yanaoka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan.
| | - Shiho Kurosaka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan
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Jiang D, Yu Q, Liu M, Dai J. Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1091228. [PMID: 36703929 PMCID: PMC9871495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, many high-profile international sport events are often held in warm or hot environments, hence, it is inevitable for these elite athletes to be prepared for the challenges from the heat. Owing to internal cooling may cause gastrointestinal discomfort to athletes, external cooling technique seems to be a more applicable method to deal with thermal stress. Central cooling mainly refers to head, face, neck and torso cooling, can help to reduce skin temperature and relieve thermal perception. Peripheral cooling mainly refers to four limbs cooling, can help to mitigate metabolic heat from muscular contrac to effectively prevent the accumulation of body heat. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of different external cooling placements on athletic performance in the heat Methods: A literatures search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus until September 2022. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. Results: 1,430 articles were initially identified (Web of Science = 775; MEDLINE = 358; SPORTDiscus = 271; Additional records identified through other sources = 26), 60 articles (82 experiments) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. Central cooling (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.58, p < 0.001) was most effective in improving athletic performance in the heat, followed by central and peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54, p < 0.001), AND peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57, p = 0.013). For the cooling-promotion effects on different sports types, the ranking order in central cooling was ETE (exercise to exhaustion), TT (time-trial), EWT (exercise within the fixed time or sets), IS (intermittent sprint); the ranking order in peripheral cooling was EWT, TT, ETE and IS; the ranking order in central and peripheral cooling was ETE, IS, EWT and TT. Conclusion: Central cooling appears to be an more effective intervention to enhance performance in hot conditions through improvements of skin temperature and thermal sensation, compared to other external cooling strategies. The enhancement effects of peripheral cooling require sufficient re-warming, otherwise it will be trivial. Although, central and peripheral cooling seems to retain advantages from central cooling, as many factors may influence the effects of peripheral cooling to offset the positive effects from central cooling, the question about whether central and peripheral cooling method is better than an isolated cooling technique is still uncertain and needs more researchs to explore it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,Big Ball Sports Center, Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Meng Liu,
| | - Jinjin Dai
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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Wen M, Liu G, Li W, Xie T, Zhang Y, Qin F, Zhao J. Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008710. [PMID: 36388113 PMCID: PMC9663926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of mixed-cooling strategies, which combines external (cooling vest + neck cooled collar) and internal cooling (cold sports drink ingestion) on measures of executive function during simulated tennis in hot/humid conditions. In a counterbalanced design (randomised order), eight males undertook two trials [one with the mixed-cooling strategy, (MCOOL condition) and another without (CON condition)] in a climate chamber (36.5°C, 50% relative humidity). All subjects completed an intermittent treadmill protocol simulating a three-set tennis match with a 90-second break during odd-numbered games and 120-second breaks between sets, in accordance with the activity profile and International Tennis Federation rules. The mixed-cooling strategies were adopted before test and break time during the simulated tennis match. Stroop task, 2-back task, More-odd shifting task, gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), skin temperature, blood lactic acid (BLA), heart rate, urine specific gravity (USG), sweat rate (SR), thermal sensation (TS) and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Results showed that the mean exercise time was longer in the MCOOL condition than in the CON condition. The SR was greater in CON trial compared with that in MCOOL trial. Results of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that time×condition interactions were significant in BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. There were main effects of condition for Tgi, HR, TS, RPE, BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. In a hot/wet environment, pre- and intermittent mixed-cooling strategies can significantly improve exercise time and measures of executive function of tennis players in a simulated tennis match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglang Wen
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozheng Liu
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencan Li
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xie
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Qin
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Qin, ; Jiexiu Zhao,
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Qin, ; Jiexiu Zhao,
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Naito T, Saito T, Morito A, Yamada S, Shimomasuda M, Nakamura M. Pre-cooling with ingesting a high-carbohydrate ice slurry on thermoregulatory responses and subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose during heat exposure. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:34. [PMID: 36217207 PMCID: PMC9549659 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ingesting ice slurries with two different carbohydrate contents on body temperatures and the subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level during heat exposure. Seven physically active men underwent one of three interventions: the ingestion of 7.5 g/kg of a control beverage (CON: 26°C), a normal-carbohydrate ice slurry (NCIS: −1°C), or a high-carbohydrate ice slurry (HCIS: −5°C). The participants were monitored for a 120-min period that included 10 min of rest, 25 min of exposure to the experimental cooling intervention (during which the beverage was ingested), and 85 min of seated rest in a climate chamber (36°C, 50% relative humidity). The rectal temperature in the HCIS and NCIS trials was lower than that in the CON trial from 40 to 75 min. The infrared tympanic temperature was also lower in the HCIS and NCIS trials than in the CON trial from 20 to 50 min, whereas the deep thigh or mean skin temperatures were not significantly different among the three groups. From 90 to 120 min, the subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level in the NCIS trial was lower than that at 65 min; however, reductions were not seen in the HCIS and CON trials. These findings suggest that both HCIS ingestion and conventional NCIS ingestion were effective cooling strategies for reducing thermal strain, while HCIS ingestion may also enable a higher subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level to be maintained, ensuring an adequate supply of required muscle substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- grid.419627.fDepartment of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056 Japan ,grid.440874.b0000 0001 2183 8345Faculty of Law, Hokkai-Gakuen University, 4-1-40 Asahimachi Toyohira-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 062-8605 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- grid.419627.fDepartment of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056 Japan ,grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamachominami, Tottori City, Tottori 683-8550 Japan
| | - Akihisa Morito
- grid.419836.10000 0001 2162 3360Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshinomachi Kita-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 331-9530 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- grid.419836.10000 0001 2162 3360Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshinomachi Kita-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 331-9530 Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shimomasuda
- grid.419836.10000 0001 2162 3360Research & Development Headquarters, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-24-1, Takada, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-8633 Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- grid.419627.fDepartment of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056 Japan
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Morito A, Inami T, Hirata A, Yamada S, Shimomasuda M, Haramoto M, Kato K, Tahara S, Oguma Y, Ishida H, Kohtake N. Ice slurry ingestion improves physical performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in a hot environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274584. [PMID: 36107972 PMCID: PMC9477354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice slurry ingestion enhances exercise performance by lowering the core body temperature. However, an operational issue related to this ingestion is the requirement for a high intake of 7.5 g·kg-1 to produce the desired effects. We investigated the effects of the intake of low amounts of ice slurry at −2°C on the tympanic temperature and exercise performance during repeated high-intensity intermittent exercises in a hot environment. This study was a randomized, crossover study, with a 6-day washout period. Twelve university rugby union players performed two 30-min sessions of high-intensity intermittent exercises separated by a 15-min half-time break on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (28.8°C ± 0.1°C, 49.5% ± 0.6% relative humidity). The participants ingested 450 g of −2°C-ice slurry (ICE), or a 30°C-beverage (CON) having the same composition as ICE, or 30°C-water (WAT) during the half-time break. The tympanic temperature and skin temperature were measured as the physiological data, and the peak power and mean power as the exercise performance data. The tympanic temperature at the half-time break and beginning of the 2nd session was significantly lower in the ICE group as compared with the CON and WAT groups. The skin temperature at the half-time break was significantly lower in the ICE group as compared with the WAT group. While the peak power and mean power during the 2nd session were significantly greater in the ICE group as compared with the CON and WAT groups. Our findings suggest that even the intake of lower amounts, as compared with those used in previous studies, of low-temperature ice slurry can reduce the body temperature and improve the peak power. These results suggest that intake of low-temperature ice slurry as a strategy for internal body cooling is useful for improving endurance exercise performance in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Morito
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shimomasuda
- Research & Development Headquarters, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Haramoto
- Research & Development Headquarters, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Kato
- R&D Laboratories, Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tahara
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Oguma
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishida
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kohtake
- Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Nakamura M, Naito T, Saito T, Takahashi A, Muraishi K, Hakamada N, Otomo M, Iizuka S, Nakamura D, Takahashi H. Case Report: Countermeasures Against Heat and Coronavirus for Japanese Athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympic Games. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:878022. [PMID: 35734239 PMCID: PMC9208275 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.878022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympic Games were held in the hottest environment in the history of the games. Additionally, the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic necessitated daily polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing during the games, wearing a mask became mandatory publicly, and it was an unheard and unique Olympic with no spectators. Heat acclimation, hydration, and body cooling are essential for safe and high-performance activities in hot environments. In 2015, the Japan Institute of Sports Sciences launched the “Heat Countermeasure Project” to conduct experiments and practical research on heat countermeasures and investigate issues related to heat countermeasures in each athletic event. The results obtained were proposed to various Japan national sports teams, and support for heat countermeasures for the Tokyo 2020 games was promoted in consultation with national federations. Furthermore, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, infectious disease countermeasures for the Tokyo 2020 Games during support were a must. Moreover, athletes, coaches, and team staff could not avoid implementing heat countermeasures while adopting measures against infectious diseases. This study aimed to clarify the issues faced with heat countermeasures and report on heat acclimation training and cooling support efforts, considering measures against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakamura
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mariko Nakamura
| | - Takashi Naito
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Law, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akari Takahashi
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Muraishi
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Economics, Kanto Gakuen University, Ohta, Japan
| | - Noriko Hakamada
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Otomo
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iizuka
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakamura
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Weathersnews Inc., Makuhari Techno Garden, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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