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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Tallis J. Force-Time Characteristics of Repeated Bouts of Depth Jumps and the Effects of Compression Garments. J Appl Biomech 2024; 40:217-231. [PMID: 38580303 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
No studies have reported ground reaction force (GRF) profiles of the repeated depth jump (DJ) protocols commonly used to study exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, while compression garments (CG) may accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, any effects on the repeated bout effect are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the GRF profiles of 2 repeated bouts of damage-inducing DJs and the effects of wearing CG for recovery. Nonresistance-trained males randomly received CG (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 72 hours recovery, following 20 × 20 m sprints and 10 × 10 DJs from 0.6 m. Exercise was repeated after 14 days. Using a 3-way (set × bout × group) design, changes in GRF were assessed with analysis of variance and statistical parametric mapping. Jump height, reactive strength, peak, and mean propulsive forces declined between sets (P < .001). Vertical stiffness, contact time, force at zero velocity, and propulsive duration increased (P < .05). According to statistical parametric mapping, braking (17%-25% of the movement) and propulsive forces (58%-81%) declined (P < .05). During the repeated bout, peak propulsive force and duration increased (P < .05), while mean propulsive force (P < .05) and GRF from 59% to 73% declined (P < .001). A repeated bout of DJs differed in propulsive GRF, without changes to the eccentric phase, or effects from CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Hill
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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2
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Bustamante-Garrido A, Izquierdo M, Miarka B, Cuartero-Navarrete A, Pérez-Contreras J, Aedo-Muñoz E, Cerda-Kohler H. Mechanical Determinants of Sprinting and Change of Direction in Elite Female Field Hockey Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7663. [PMID: 37765720 PMCID: PMC10537788 DOI: 10.3390/s23187663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Profile determination in field hockey is critical to determining athletes' physical strengths and weaknesses, and is key in planning, programming, and monitoring training. This study pursued two primary objectives: (i) to provide descriptive data on sprinting, deceleration, and change of direction (COD) abilities and (ii) to elucidate the mechanical variables that influence sprint and COD performance in elite female field hockey players. Using radar and time-gate technology, we assessed performance and mechanical data from 30 m sprinting, deceleration, and COD tests for 26 elite female hockey players. A machine learning approach identified mechanical variables related to sprint and COD performance. Our findings offer a framework for athlete categorization and the design of performance-enhancing training strategies at the international level. Two pivotal mechanical variables-relative maximum horizontal force (F0) and maximum velocity (Vmax)-predominantly influence the times across all tested distances. However, the force-velocity profile (FVP) and horizontal deceleration do not influence the variance in the COD test outcomes. These insights can guide the design, adjustment, and monitoring of training programs, assisting coaches in decision making to optimize performance and mitigate injury risks for female hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bustamante-Garrido
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-C.)
- Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica Deportiva, Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Ministerio del Deporte de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
| | | | - Jorge Pérez-Contreras
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (A.B.-G.); (J.P.-C.)
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (EDULPGC), 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica Deportiva, Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Ministerio del Deporte de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil;
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago 7691236, Chile
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Nishiumi D, Nishioka T, Saito H, Kurokawa T, Hirose N. Associations of eccentric force variables during jumping and eccentric lower-limb strength with vertical jump performance: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289631. [PMID: 37535669 PMCID: PMC10399862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the associations of eccentric force variables during jumping and eccentric lower-limb strength with vertical jump performance. A literature search was conducted in September 2022 using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Thirteen cross-sectional studies investigating the relationship between eccentric force and strength variables, such as force, rate of force development (RFD), power, time, and velocity, and vertical jump performance, including the jump height, reactive strength index (RSI), and reactive strength index-modified (RSImod), were included in this systematic review. As eccentric strength, variables during the unloading-to-braking phase of countermovement jump (CMJ) (force, RFD, etc.) and the eccentric force of the squat movement and knee joint were included. The CMJ height, RSImod, and drop jump RSI were included to analyze the vertical jump performance. The modified form of the Downs and Black checklist was used to evaluate quality. Associations between the force and RFD during the descending phase of the CMJ and jump height were observed in some studies but not in others, with differences between the studies. Some studies reported associations between the force and/or RFD during the descending phase of the CMJ and RSImod of the CMJ, with no differences among their results. In addition, there are associations of the eccentric forces during squatting and knee extension with the CMJ and the drop jump heights and RSI of the drop jump. The eccentric force variables in the CMJ and RSImod are related; however, their relationship with jump height remains unclear. Furthermore, improved eccentric muscle strength may contribute to vertical jump height because of the associations of the eccentric strength during knee extension and squatting with jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishioka
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Saito
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hirose
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Harper DJ, McBurnie AJ, Santos TD, Eriksrud O, Evans M, Cohen DD, Rhodes D, Carling C, Kiely J. Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Performance Requirements of Horizontal Deceleration: A Review with Implications for Random Intermittent Multi-Directional Sports. Sports Med 2022; 52:2321-2354. [PMID: 35643876 PMCID: PMC9474351 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid horizontal accelerations and decelerations are crucial events enabling the changes of velocity and direction integral to sports involving random intermittent multi-directional movements. However, relative to horizontal acceleration, there have been considerably fewer scientific investigations into the biomechanical and neuromuscular demands of horizontal deceleration and the qualities underpinning horizontal deceleration performance. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are to: (1) conduct an evidence-based review of the biomechanical demands of horizontal deceleration and (2) identify biomechanical and neuromuscular performance determinants of horizontal deceleration, with the aim of outlining relevant performance implications for random intermittent multi-directional sports. We highlight that horizontal decelerations have a unique ground reaction force profile, characterised by high-impact peak forces and loading rates. The highest magnitude of these forces occurs during the early stance phase (< 50 ms) and is shown to be up to 2.7 times greater than those seen during the first steps of a maximal horizontal acceleration. As such, inability for either limb to tolerate these forces may result in a diminished ability to brake, subsequently reducing deceleration capacity, and increasing vulnerability to excessive forces that could heighten injury risk and severity of muscle damage. Two factors are highlighted as especially important for enhancing horizontal deceleration ability: (1) braking force control and (2) braking force attenuation. Whilst various eccentric strength qualities have been reported to be important for achieving these purposes, the potential importance of concentric, isometric and reactive strength, in addition to an enhanced technical ability to apply braking force is also highlighted. Last, the review provides recommended research directions to enhance future understanding of horizontal deceleration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Alistair J. McBurnie
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Dos’ Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Evans
- The FA Group, St George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Daniel D. Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Masira Research Institute, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Centre (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bogotá, Distrito Capital Colombia
| | - David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Present Address: FFF Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - John Kiely
- Physical Education and Sports Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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McBurnie AJ, Dos'Santos T, Johnson D, Leng E. Training Management of the Elite Adolescent Soccer Player throughout Maturation. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:170. [PMID: 34941808 PMCID: PMC8708071 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional soccer clubs invest significantly into the development of their academy prospects with the hopes of producing elite players. Talented youngsters in elite development systems are exposed to high amounts of sports-specific practise with the aims of developing the foundational skills underpinning the capabilities needed to excel in the game. Yet large disparities in maturation status, growth-related issues, and highly-specialised sport practise predisposes these elite youth soccer players to an increased injury risk. However, practitioners may scaffold a performance monitoring and injury surveillance framework over an academy to facilitate data-informed training decisions that may not only mitigate this inherent injury risk, but also enhance athletic performance. Constant communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team enables context to build around an individual's training status and risk profile, and ensures that a progressive, varied, and bespoke training programme is provided at all stages of development to maximise athletic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J McBurnie
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Edward Leng
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
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Vuong JL, Fett J, Ulbricht A, Ferrauti A. Physical determinants, intercorrelations, and relevance of movement speed components in elite junior tennis players. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1805-1815. [PMID: 34753414 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2005150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Movement speed is considered essential for success in elite tennis. The aim of the present study was to develop a model of movement speed components and quantify their age- and gender-related relevance for tennis performance. Physical testing data obtained from 1,434 nationally ranked junior squad tennis players were divided according to the age at peak height velocity (YPHV) into two age groups (pre-PHV: n=103 girls, 11.7 ± 0.6 yrs.; n=466 boys, 12.7 ± 1.0 yrs.; post-PHV: n=524 girls, 14.2 ± 1.4 yrs.; n=344 boys, 15.3 ± 1.2 yrs.). After assessing anthropometrics and maturity status, all players passed a series of standardized physical tests on an indoor hard court. All data were z-standardized, filtered and sorted by gender, maturity level, and ranking position. The structuring of the speed-related performance parameters resulted in four factors ('Elementary Speed', 'Jumping Power', 'Linear Speed', and 'COD Speed'), which were then confirmed by factor analysis. The correlation of these factors to the national ranking position was mostly significant but rather low, with 'Linear Speed' reaching the lowest (r=0.10-0.18) and 'COD Speed' the highest correlation (r=0.22-0.34). Path analytic models revealed 'COD Speed' as the most important factor, which is strongly influenced by 'Jumping Power' and 'Linear Speed,' with medium effect sizes, while 'Elementary Speed' affects this factor only slightly. It can be concluded that the relationship between movement speed and junior players' tennis ranking is lower than expected. The development of 'COD Speed' should be prioritized during testing, training, and talent identification, independent of age group and gender.Performance parameters for 1,434 junior players with national rankings were analyzed and assigned to four superior factors.The impact of the factors on the ranking position, as well as the internal causal relationships, were investigated via path analysis.'COD Speed' was the most impactful factor for tennis performance and was strongly influenced by 'Linear Speed' and 'Jumping Power.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lâm Vuong
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Janina Fett
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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