1
|
Bouazzaoui B, Angel L, Moutoussamy I, Villatte J, Isingrini M, Bidet-Ildei C. Kinematic observation reduces effect of aging on episodic memory performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104130. [PMID: 38219430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of kinematics observation (i.e., observing action from only the motion of the main joints of an actor) on episodic memory performance differences between young and older adults. To this end, 42 young (20-35 years) and 45 older (60-75 years) participants performed a free recall task in two different conditions: either after an encoding phase consisting of the visual presentation and reading of action verbs or after an encoding phase consisting of the visual presentation and naming of point-light displays of humans performing the same actions. Results showed a beneficial effect of point-light display encoding for both young and older participants but with a more pronounced benefit for the older participants compared to young adults. These findings are discussed in relation to the embodied view of memory which considers that memory is directly linked to the sensorimotor experiences and the environmental support hypothesis which postulates that elaborate processing can improve memory performance. In conclusion, kinematic observation could constitute an interesting potential intervention for supporting memory in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badiâa Bouazzaoui
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France.
| | - Lucie Angel
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Ilona Moutoussamy
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Jérémy Villatte
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Isingrini
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Christel Bidet-Ildei
- UMR CNRS 7295, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Tours, Université de Poitiers, France; Institut Universitaire de, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villatte J, Taconnat L, Bidet-Ildei C, Toussaint L. The role of implicit motor simulation on action verb memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:441-451. [PMID: 35316393 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Observation is known to improve memory for action. Previous findings linked such an effect with an easier relation processing of action components following observation compared to mere sentence reading. However, action observation also elicits implicit motor simulation, that is a processing of one's movement through the observer own motor system. We aimed to assess whether encoding of implicit motor simulation can also explain why observation is better than reading for action memory. To prevent influence of item relation processing, two studies about isolated action verbs learning were designed. In Experiment 1, action verbs were encoded with short videos of point-light human movements or with written definitions. Subsequent free recall indicated better memory for the verbs within the video clip condition. Experiment 2 compared two encoding conditions based on point-light human movement videos. Half of the verbs were learned with their normal corresponding movement (biological kinematic). For the other half of the verbs, the velocity of point-light movements was modified to create abnormal nonbiological kinematic actions. We observed better free recall for the verbs learned with biological kinematics. Taken together, those results suggest that action observation is beneficial because it allows the encoding of motor-related information (implicit motor simulation). Semantic resonance between linguistic and motor representations of action could also contribute to memory improvement. Contrary to previous studies, our results cannot be explained by an improvement of items relation processing. However, it suggests that the basic level of action verb memory is sensorimotor perception, such as implicit motor simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Villatte
- Département de Psychologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers, Bâtiment A5, 5 rue Théodore Lefebvre TSA 21110, 86073, Poitiers cedex 9, France.
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Département de Psychologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR, 7295), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christel Bidet-Ildei
- Département des Sciences du Sport, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- Département des Sciences du Sport, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schlosser L, Naef N, Ehrler M, Wehrle F, Greutmann M, Oxenius A, Tuura R, Latal B, Brugger P. Counting on random number generation: Uncovering mild executive dysfunction in congenital heart disease. Brain Cogn 2023; 166:105955. [PMID: 36709638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with various neurocognitive deficits, particularly targeting executive functions (EFs), of which random number generation (RNG) is one indicator. RNG has, however, never been investigated in CHD. We administered the Mental Dice Task (MDT) to 67 young adults with CHD and 55 healthy controls. This 1-minute-task requires the generation of numbers 1 to 6 in a random sequence. RNG performance was correlated with a global EF score. Participants underwent MRI to examine structural-volumetric correlates of RNG. Compared to controls, CHD patients showed increased backward counting, reflecting deficient inhibition of automatized behavior. They also lacked a small-number bias (higher frequency of small relative to large numbers). RNG performance was associated with global EF scores in both groups. In CHD patients, MRI revealed an inverse association of counting bias with most of the volumetric measurements and the amount of small numbers was positively associated with corpus callosum volume, suggesting callosal involvement in the "pseudoneglect in number space". In conclusion, we found an impaired RNG performance in CHD patients, which is associated with brain volumetric measures. RNG, reportedly resistant to learning effects, may be an ideal task for the longitudinal assessment of EFs in patients with CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladina Schlosser
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nadja Naef
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Ehrler
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Wehrle
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Greutmann
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Oxenius
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Tuura
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Latal
- Child Development Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brugger
- Psychiatric University Clinic PUK, University Hospital Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, PO Box 1931, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropsychology Unit, Valens Rehabilitation Centre, Taminaplatz 1, 7317 Valens, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bidet-Ildei C, Francisco V, Decatoire A, Pylouster J, Blandin Y. PLAViMoP database: A new continuously assessed and collaborative 3D point-light display dataset. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:694-715. [PMID: 35441360 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It was more than 45 years ago that Gunnar Johansson invented the point-light display technique. This showed for the first time that kinematics is crucial for action recognition, and that humans are very sensitive to their conspecifics' movements. As a result, many of today's researchers use point-light displays to better understand the mechanisms behind this recognition ability. In this paper, we propose PLAViMoP, a new database of 3D point-light displays representing everyday human actions (global and fine-motor control movements), sports movements, facial expressions, interactions, and robotic movements. Access to the database is free, at https://plavimop.prd.fr/en/motions . Moreover, it incorporates a search engine to facilitate action retrieval. In this paper, we describe the construction, functioning, and assessment of the PLAViMoP database. Each sequence was analyzed according to four parameters: type of movement, movement label, sex of the actor, and age of the actor. We provide both the mean scores for each assessment of each point-light display, and the comparisons between the different categories of sequences. Our results are discussed in the light of the literature and the suitability of our stimuli for research and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Bidet-Ildei
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France.
- MSHS, Bâtiment A5, 5 rue Théodore Lefebvre TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Victor Francisco
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Decatoire
- Institut PPRIME (UPR CNRS 3346), Université de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean Pylouster
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
| | - Yannick Blandin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ranzini M, Semenza C, Zorzi M, Cutini S. Influences of hand action on the processing of symbolic numbers: A special role of pointing? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269557. [PMID: 35687556 PMCID: PMC9187111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodied and grounded cognition theories state that cognitive processing is built upon sensorimotor systems. In the context of numerical cognition, support to this framework comes from the interactions between numerical processing and the hand actions of reaching and grasping documented in skilled adults. Accordingly, mechanisms for the processing of object size and location during reach and grasp actions might scaffold the development of mental representations of numerical magnitude. The present study exploited motor adaptation to test the hypothesis of a functional overlap between neurocognitive mechanisms of hand action and numerical processing. Participants performed repetitive grasping of an object, repetitive pointing, repetitive tapping, or passive viewing. Subsequently, they performed a symbolic number comparison task. Importantly, hand action and number comparison were functionally and temporally dissociated, thereby minimizing context-based effects. Results showed that executing the action of pointing slowed down the responses in number comparison. Moreover, the typical distance effect (faster responses for numbers far from the reference as compared to close ones) was not observed for small numbers after pointing, while it was enhanced by grasping. These findings confirm the functional link between hand action and numerical processing, and suggest new hypotheses on the role of pointing as a meaningful gesture in the development and embodiment of numerical skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Ranzini
- Department of General Psychology (DPG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlo Semenza
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Zorzi
- Department of General Psychology (DPG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice-Lido, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation (DPSS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The study of biological point-light displays (PLDs) has fascinated researchers for more than 40 years. However, the mechanisms underlying PLD perception remain unclear, partly due to difficulties with precisely controlling and transforming PLD sequences. Furthermore, little agreement exists regarding how transformations are performed. This article introduces a new free-access program called PLAViMoP (Point-Light Display Visualization and Modification Platform) and presents the algorithms for PLD transformations actually included in the software. PLAViMoP fulfills two objectives. First, it standardizes and makes clear many classical spatial and kinematic transformations described in the PLD literature. Furthermore, given its optimized interface, PLAViMOP makes these transformations easy and fast to achieve. Overall, PLAViMoP could directly help scientists avoid technical difficulties and make possible the use of PLDs for nonacademic applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bidet-Ildei C, Gimenes M, Toussaint L, Almecija Y, Badets A. Sentence plausibility influences the link between action words and the perception of biological human movements. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:806-813. [PMID: 27246582 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the role of sentence plausibility in the functional link between action words and visual judgments of point-light human actions. Following the oral presentation of action verbs included in a plausible or implausible sentence, participants were asked to detect the presence of congruent or incongruent biological movements. Sentence plausibility was manipulated by inverting the positions of the subject and the complement (e.g., the neighbor is running in the garden vs the garden is running in the neighbor). The results showed that for both plausible and implausible sentences, the detection of human movements is greater following presentation of congruent action verbs. These results suggest that the presentation of action verbs affects the subsequent perception of point-light human movements, regardless of the associated semantic context. However, the link between action verbs and judgment of biological movements is strengthened when plausible sentences are presented, as illustrated by the increase in visual detection capacity in plausible congruent conditions. Concerning the analysis of the detection speed, the performance is only affected in plausible sentences with slower response times associated with the presentation of an incongruent action verb. These findings are discussed in light of an embodied mechanism and the domain of biological movement perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Bidet-Ildei
- CeRCA Laboratory (Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR-CNRS 7295), CeRCA/MSHS, Bâtiment A5, Université de Poitiers, 5, rue Théodore Lefebvre, TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Manuel Gimenes
- CeRCA Laboratory (Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR-CNRS 7295), CeRCA/MSHS, Bâtiment A5, Université de Poitiers, 5, rue Théodore Lefebvre, TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- CeRCA Laboratory (Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR-CNRS 7295), CeRCA/MSHS, Bâtiment A5, Université de Poitiers, 5, rue Théodore Lefebvre, TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Yves Almecija
- CeRCA Laboratory (Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR-CNRS 7295), CeRCA/MSHS, Bâtiment A5, Université de Poitiers, 5, rue Théodore Lefebvre, TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Badets
- CeRCA Laboratory (Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR-CNRS 7295), CeRCA/MSHS, Bâtiment A5, Université de Poitiers, 5, rue Théodore Lefebvre, TSA 21103, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (UMR 5287), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grade S, Badets A, Pesenti M. Influence of finger and mouth action observation on random number generation: an instance of embodied cognition for abstract concepts. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:538-548. [PMID: 26927471 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerical magnitude and specific grasping action processing have been shown to interfere with each other because some aspects of numerical meaning may be grounded in sensorimotor transformation mechanisms linked to finger grip control. However, how specific these interactions are to grasping actions is still unknown. The present study tested the specificity of the number-grip relationship by investigating how the observation of different closing-opening stimuli that might or not refer to prehension-releasing actions was able to influence a random number generation task. Participants had to randomly produce numbers after they observed action stimuli representing either closure or aperture of the fingers, the hand or the mouth, or a colour change used as a control condition. Random number generation was influenced by the prior presentation of finger grip actions, whereby observing a closing finger grip led participants to produce small rather than large numbers, whereas observing an opening finger grip led them to produce large rather than small numbers. Hand actions had reduced or no influence on number production; mouth action influence was restricted to opening, with an overproduction of large numbers. Finally, colour changes did not influence number generation. These results show that some characteristics of observed finger, hand and mouth grip actions automatically prime number magnitude, with the strongest effect for finger grasping. The findings are discussed in terms of the functional and neural mechanisms shared between hand actions and number processing, but also between hand and mouth actions. The present study provides converging evidence that part of number semantics is grounded in sensory-motor mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Grade
- Institut de recherche en Sciences Psychologiques and Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Badets
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives (UMR-5287), Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mauro Pesenti
- Institut de recherche en Sciences Psychologiques and Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng X, Ge H, Andoni D, Ding X, Fan Z. Composite body movements modulate numerical cognition: evidence from the motion-numerical compatibility effect. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1692. [PMID: 26594188 PMCID: PMC4633497 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent hierarchical model of numerical processing, initiated by Fischer and Brugger (2011) and Fischer (2012), suggested that situated factors, such as different body postures and body movements, can influence the magnitude representation and bias numerical processing. Indeed, Loetscher et al. (2008) found that participants’ behavior in a random number generation task was biased by head rotations. More small numbers were reported after leftward than rightward head turns, i.e., a motion-numerical compatibility effect. Here, by carrying out two experiments, we explored whether similar motion-numerical compatibility effects exist for movements of other important body components, e.g., arms, and for composite body movements as well, which are basis for complex human activities in many ecologically meaningful situations. In Experiment 1, a motion-numerical compatibility effect was observed for lateral rotations of two body components, i.e., the head and arms. Relatively large numbers were reported after making rightward compared to leftward movements for both lateral head and arm turns. The motion-numerical compatibility effect was observed again in Experiment 2 when participants were asked to perform composite body movements of congruent movement directions, e.g., simultaneous head left turns and arm left turns. However, it disappeared when the movement directions were incongruent, e.g., simultaneous head left turns and arm right turns. Taken together, our results extended Loetscher et al.’s (2008) finding by demonstrating that their effect is effector-general and exists for arm movements. Moreover, our study reveals for the first time that the impact of spatial information on numerical processing induced by each of the two sensorimotor-based situated factors, e.g., a lateral head turn and a lateral arm turn, can cancel each other out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Department of Public Education, Tibet Vocational Technical College Lhasa, China
| | - Deljfina Andoni
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anelli F, Lugli L, Baroni G, Borghi AM, Nicoletti R. Walking boosts your performance in making additions and subtractions. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1459. [PMID: 25566137 PMCID: PMC4271511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that the processing of spatial information and numerical magnitude are strictly interwoven. Recent studies also provide converging evidence that number processing is influenced by body movements. In the present study we further investigate this issue by focusing on whether and how motions experienced with the whole body can influence arithmetical calculations. We asked participants to make additions or subtractions while experiencing leftward and rightward motions. Data revealed the emergence of a congruency effect between the orientation inferred by the type of arithmetical calculations and the type of motions experienced along an horizontal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Anelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Lugli
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Baroni
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna M Borghi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italian National Research Council Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nicoletti
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|